Chapter 4: Society and Social Interaction

b) symbolic interactionist

A judge and her gavel. A cop and his gun. A lawyer and her power suit. A __________ would be most concerned with the parts these objects play in impression management. a) functionalist b) symbolic interactionist c) feminist d) conflict theorist

a) collective conscience

Durkheim defined the __________ as the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society. a) collective conscience b) iron cage c) bourgeoisie d) proletariat

d) an organism in which each portion plays a vital role in keeping the organism stable and healthy

Functionalist Émile Durkheim viewed society as __________. a) an even playing field composed of the educated and uneducated b) split between two classes categorized by education, kinship, and religion c) the product of class struggle, requiring social revolutions to correct rampant class inequality d) an organism in which each portion plays a vital role in keeping the organism stable and healthy

b) False

Habitualization is the act of implanting a convention or norm into society. a) True b) False

b) False

Karl Marx asserted that a society's culture forms its base, upon which its other structures rest. a) True b) False

a) cities and towns were established, and humans had more time for leisure activities

The Agricultural Revolution is often referred to as the "dawn of civilization" because __________. a) cities and towns were established, and humans had more time for leisure activities b) societies began to form where rainfall was plentiful, and groups were able to cultivate plants instead of living nomadic lifestyles c) tribes became nomadic, traveling to various locations in search of sustenance d) animals were first domesticated as a resource for survival

a) performing good deeds in life is the only way to secure a spot in Heaven

The Protestant work ethic is based on the concept of predestination, which states that ________. a) performing good deeds in life is the only way to secure a spot in Heaven b) salvation is only achievable through obedience to God c) no person can be saved before he or she accepts Jesus Christ as his or her savior d) God has already chosen those who will be saved and those who will be damned

a) a situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness

The concept anomie can be defined as __________. a) a situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness b) how strongly a person is connected to his or her social group c) a situation in which a person's beliefs and ideology are in conflict with her best interests d) how one or more of an individual's roles clash

a) Max Weber

The concept of the iron cage was popularized by which of the following sociological thinkers? a) Max Weber b) Karl Marx c) Émile Durkheim d) Friedrich Engels

b) Feudal

__________ societies contained a strict hierarchical system of power based around land ownership and protection. a) Industrial b) Feudal c) Agricultural d) Hunter-gatherer

rationalization

a belief that modern society should be built around logic and efficiency rather than morality or tradition

false consciousness

a person's beliefs and ideology are in conflict with her best interests

iron cage

a situation in which an individual is trapped by social institutions

anomie

a situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness

organic solidarity

a type of social order based around an acceptance of economic and social differences

mechanical solidarity

a type of social order maintained by the collective consciousness of a culture

role-set

an array of roles attached to a particular status

self-fulfilling prophecy

an idea that becomes true when acted upon

alienation

an individual's isolation from his society, his work, and his sense of self

class consciousness

awareness of one's rank in society

horticultural societies

societies based around the cultivation of plants

pastoral societies

societies based around the domestication of animals

information societies

societies based on the production of nonmaterial goods and services

industrial socieites

societies characterized by a reliance on mechanized labor to create material goods

hunter-gatherer societies

societies that depend on hunting wild animals and gathering uncultivated plants for survival

feudal societies

societies that operate on a strict hierarchical system of power based around land ownership and protection

agricultural societies

societies that rely on farming as a way of life

role strain

stress that occurs when too much is required of a single role

institutionalization

the act of implanting a convention or norm into society

collective conscious

the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society

role performance

the expression of a role

habitualization

the idea that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed like a habit

proletariat

the laborers in a society

bourgeoisie

the owners of the means of production in a society

status

the responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to their rank and role in society

achieved status

the status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income

ascribed status

the status outside of an individual's control, such as sex or race

role conflict

when one or more of an individual's roles clash

a) functionalist

Émile Durkheim's ideas about society can best be described as ________. a) functionalist b) conflict theorist c) symbolic interactionist d) rationalist

c) bourgeoisie

According to Marx, the _____ own the means of production in a society. a) proletariat b) vassals c) bourgeoisie d) anomie

a) habitual actions

According to Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, society is based on ________. a) habitual actions b) status c) institutionalization d) role performance

a) True

Alienation is a disorienting sense of exclusion and separation. a) True b) False

a) True

Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production like factories and trains are owned by individual people rather than by the government. a) True b) False

a) True

Marx believed that work can allow people to live, be creative, and flourish. a) True b) False

b) False

Marx encouraged factory workers to be satisfied with their working conditions. a) True b) False

a) Role strain

Mary works full-time at an office downtown while her young children stay at a neighbor's house. She's just learned that the childcare provider is leaving the country. Mary has succumbed to pressure to volunteer at her church, plus her ailing mother-in-law will be moving in with her next month. Which of the following is likely to occur as Mary tries to balance her existing and new responsibilities? a) Role strain b) Self-fulfilling prophecy c) Status conflict d) Status strain

a) True

Max Weber described a rational society as one built around logic and efficiency rather than morality or tradition. a) True b) False

b) role performance

On the first day of high school, Kaitlin overhears a group of girls calling her "goth" and "emo." She soon begins to don more black clothing, dark makeup, and seek out friends who dress the same. This is an example of __________. a) institutionalization b) role performance c) role strain d) ascribed status

b) Industrial

Organic solidarity is most likely to exist in which of the following types of societies? a) Hunter-gatherer b) Industrial c) Agricultural d) Feudal

b) the looking-glass self

Paco knows that women find him attractive, and he's never found it hard to get a date. But as he ages, he dyes his hair to hide the gray and wears clothes that camouflage the weight he has put on. Paco's behavior can be best explained by the concept of ___________. a) role strain b) the looking-glass self c) role performance d) habitualization

b) False

Postindustrial societies are rooted in the production of material goods. a) True b) False

a) A supermarket cashier always scans store coupons before company coupons because she was taught to do it that way.

Which of the following best depicts Marx's concept of alienation from the process of one's labor? a) A supermarket cashier always scans store coupons before company coupons because she was taught to do it that way. b) A businessman feels that he deserves a raise, but is nervous to ask his manager for one; instead, he comforts himself with the idea that hard work is its own reward. c) An associate professor is afraid that she won't be given tenure and starts spreading rumors about one of her associates to make herself look better. d) A construction worker is laid off and takes a job at a fast food restaurant temporarily, although he has never had an interest in preparing food before.

c) The Hunti, a wandering group of nomads who specialize in breeding and training horses

Which of the following fictional societies is an example of a pastoral society? a) The Deswan people, who live in small tribes and base their economy on the production and trade of textiles b) The Rositian Clan, a small community of farmers who have lived on their family's land for centuries c) The Hunti, a wandering group of nomads who specialize in breeding and training horses d) The Amaganda, an extended family of warriors who serve a single noble family

d) Kevin sprained his ankle a month before a marathon. Though his trainer advises him not to participate, Kevin runs the marathon and places first.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a self-fulfilling prophecy? a) Charlotte is an intelligent teenager, but her stepsisters tell her she's destined for a life of poverty and failure. Charlotte begins to do poorly in school, and she eventually drops out. b) Though encouraged by his parents to audition for a prestigious music school, Jose believes he isn't good enough to attend. After his audition, he expresses this reluctance to the admissions committee. They don't admit him due to his lack of certainty. c) Morgan overhears a professor predicting the economic recession will prevent entry-level graduates from finding gainful employment. Morgan goes on interviews but doesn't bother preparing, convinced it's a waste of time. Morgan appears unprofessional and is not hired. d) Kevin sprained his ankle a month before a marathon. Though his trainer advises him not to participate, Kevin runs the marathon and places first.

b) A freelance artist creating a sculpture of Barack Obama

Which of the following is NOT an example of organic solidarity? a) A Ford Motors employee assembling taillights on an assembly line b) A freelance artist creating a sculpture of Barack Obama c) A fast-food employee putting burgers into their buns d) A toll-booth employee collecting toll change

b) Becca returns to work after giving birth to her daughter, finding it difficult to act as mother, wife, and executive.

Which of the following is an example of role strain? a) Derek attends law school and becomes a lawyer, though he dreams of one day becoming a famous novelist. b) Becca returns to work after giving birth to her daughter, finding it difficult to act as mother, wife, and executive. c) Alex takes a break from his job as a professor of molecular biology to raise his two young children. d) Krista lands a role in a soap opera and begins receiving fan mail from fans across the country.

a) Software engineer

Which of the following occupations is a person of power most likely to have in an information society? a) Software engineer b) Coal miner c) Children's book author d) Sharecropper

c) Horticultural

Which of the following societies were the first to have permanent residents? a) Industrial b) Hunter-gatherer c) Horticultural d) Feudal

Thomas theorem

how a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality

social integration

how strongly a person is connected to his or her social group

looking-glass self

our reflection of how we think we appear to others

roles

patterns of behavior that are representative of a person's social status