Chapter 4 Test AP

Perilymph is located between the

basilar membrane and vestibular membrane.?

Which is a type of tonic receptor that detects both continuous deep pressure and distortion of the skin?

bulbous corpuscles

Hearing organs are housed within the ___________ in the inner ear.

cochlea

Damage to one eye will result in

lack of depth perception

Equilibrium stimuli from the inner ear project to the vestibular nuclei and the ___________, which will integrate the information and transmit signals to skeletal muscles to adjust the balance and muscle tone.

midear?

The central nervous system forms primarily from which of the following?

neural tube

Which of the following terms describes axons from many preganglionic cells synapsing on a single ganglionic cell?

neuronal convergence

The process of activating photoreceptors by altering the photopigments is known as __________.

phototransduction

Which meninx is the deepest in its location?

pia mater

The cell bodies of sensory neurons are found

posterior root ganglia

Which of the following statements is correct about spinal nerves? The ventral root has a ganglion. The posterior root is sensory. The posterior root is motor. The ventral root is sensory.

posterior root is sensory

Sensory nerve signals from some viscera can be perceived as originating from another location. This is known as _________ pain.

referred

The spinal cord and spinal nerves are responsible for _______, which are our quickest reactions to a stimulus

reflexes

Which nerve of the sacral plexus is the largest and longest nerve in the body?

sciatic

What may be the cause of hyperopia?

short eyeball

A pressure receptor in the skin could be classified as a(n)

somatic sensory receptor

What type of phasic receptors detect light touch, shapes, and textures?

tactile corpuscles

The cervical plexuses are composed primarily of C1-C4, and its branches innervate the skin and muscles of the anterior neck

true

A spinal nerve splits into ___ branches.

two

The anterior rami of two lumbar spinal nerves help form the sacral plexus.

true

Match the component of gray matter in the spinal cord with its description .1. House cell bodies of somatic motor neurons 2. Serves as a communication route between left and right sides 3. House axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons 4. House cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons - Anterior horns- Lateral horns- Posterior horns- Gray commissure

1. Anterior horns 2. Gray commissure 3. Posterior horns 4. Lateral horns

Match the prevertebral ganglion with the splanchnic nerves that synapse there. Celiac ganglion Inferior mesenteric ganglion Superior mesenteric gangion

1. celiac ganglion 2. superior mesenteric ganglion 3. aorticorenal ganglion 4. inferior mesenteric ganglion

How many neurons are in the somesthetic pathway from the skin to the postcentral gyrus?

3

How many types of adrenergic receptors are there?

5

What is the correct order through which sound travels in the inner ear?1. endolymph of cochlear duct2. round window3. perilymph of scala vestibule4. vestibular membrane5. oval window6. perilymph of scala tympani7. basilar membrane

5, 3, 4, 1, 7, 6, 2

Which of these is most vulnerable to irreversible damage caused by a very loud noise?

Cochlear hair cells

Match the plexus with its function. 1. Esophogeal plexus 2. Hypogastric plexus 3. Pulmonary plexus 4. Abdominal aortic plexus - Carries signal that control swallowing - carries signals to pelvic region - composed of celiac and mesenteric plexuses - passes signals to bronchi

Esophogeal plexus Carries signals that control swallowing correct Hypogastric plexus Carries signals to pelvic region correct Pulmonary plexus Passes signals to bronchi correct Abdominal aortic plexus Composed of celiac and mesenteric plexuses correct

Which of the following parasympathetic nerves controls the production of tears, nasal secretions, and saliva?

Facial nerve (CN III)

Match the rami communicantes with the appropriate axons they carry. Gray rami (Click to select) Postganglionic axons Preganglionic axons White rami (Click to select) Postganglionic axons Preganglionic axons

Gray Rami: Postganglionic axonsWhite Rami: Preganglionic axons

How does light affect rhodopsin?

It dissociates rhodopsin and changes 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal.

What ion is responsible for depolarization of hair cells of the spiral organ?

K+

All reflexes share the property of being an involuntary response.

True

Brain growth is 95% complete by

age five?

A receptor is an axon that carries sensory impulses to the spinal cord's dorsal horn of gray matter.

false

Damage to the ventral root of a spinal nerve would mean that the sensory input of the reflex arc would be interrupted.

false

As the number of cycles per second increases, the sound we perceive

gets higher

A part of the auditory pathway responsible for auditory reflexes is the

inferior colliculus

The sympathetic division is also called what?.

thoracolumbar

Three events occur to bring the image into focus on the retina: accommodation, pupil constriction, and convergence. Test your knowledge about these events by answering these questions.

-Accommodation is a result of parasympathetic stimulation from the optic nerve (I)=False -In accommodation, the lens becomes more spherical in shape=True -When we look at a close-up object, the pupil diameter decreases=True -The smaller the pupil diameter, the more light enters the eye and is directed toward the retina=False -Both pupils can pick up the light rays when the eyes are looking forward=True -Convergence states that eyes are rotated medially as an object moves closer=True -In convergence, rotation of the eyes is accomplished by the medial oblique muscles=False

Decide if each of these steps for the visual pathway is true or false.

-Each visual field is divided into three parts: central, temporal, and nasal=False -Light from each part of a visual field projects to the same side of the retina except for the central part which projects to both=False -An optic nerve consists of axons extending from the retina to the optic chiasm=True -In the optic chiasm, axons from the nasal part of the retina cross while axons from the temporal part do not=True -An optic tract consists of axons that have passed through the optic chiasm with or without crossing to the thalamus=True -The axons synapse in hypothalamic nuclei=False -An optic radiation consists of axons from hypothalamic neurons that project to the visual area of the prefrontal cortex=False -The right part of each visual field projects to the left side of the brain, and the left part of each visual field projects to the right side of the brain=True

1. Regulates hunger and thirst 2. Regulates the autonomic nervous system 3. Relay center for sensory input 4. Regulates circadian rhythms 5. Regulates body temperature 6. Arousal from sleep

1. Hypothalamus 2. Hypothalamus 3. Thalamus 4. Hypothalamus 5. Hypothalamus 6. Thalamus

Macular degeneration is a degenerative disease of the retina with genetic and environmental causes. Answer these questions about this disease.

1. Macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness in developed countries. - TRUE 2. The amsler grid is used to test for macular degeneration. - TRUE 3. The majority of macular degeneration cases are found in adolescents. - FALSE 4. There is currently no cure for macular degeration. -TRUE

Match the type of reflex with its description. 1. The simplest reflex; muscles contract in response to a stretch 2. Prevents contracting muscles from applying tension to tendons 2.Removes a body part from a painful stimulus 3. Response to a withdrawal reflex; causes extension of the opposite limb -Withdrawal reflex -Golgi tendon reflex -Stretch reflex -Crossed-extensor reflex

1. stretch reflex 2. withdrawal reflex 3. Crossed extensor reflex

Complete these questions to test your understanding of the structure and function of olfactory cells. 1. Structurally, olfactory neurons are unipolar neurons. (Click to select) True False 2. Olfactory cilia are also called olfactory hairs. (Click to select) True False 3. Olfactory cilia contain axon terminals. (Click to select) True False 4. Olfactory dendrites contain olfactory receptors. (Click to select) True False 5. Olfactory hairs have olfactory receptors. (Click to select) True False 6. Olfactory receptors bind to and actively take in odorants. (Click to select) True False 7. Olfactory receptors utilize G-proteins to open ion channels. (Click to select) True False

1.F 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T

Decide if these retinal events occur in the dark or in the light. 1. Rods continuously release the neurotransmitter glutamate. (Click to select) In the light In the dark 2. Glutamate inhibits the bipolar cells that synapse with the rods. (Click to select) In the light In the dark 3. The bipolar cells do not stimulate the ganglion cells. (Click to select) In the dark In the light 4. Activated rhodopsin inhibits the production of glutamate by rods. (Click to select) In the dark In the light 5. The bipolar cells stimulate the ganglion cells. (Click to select) In the dark In the light 6. Action potentials are transmitted out of the optic nerve. (Click to select) In the light In the dark

1.dark 2.dark 3.dark 4.light 5.light 6.light

How many autonomic plexuses are in the human body?

5?

The cerebral nucleus involved with emotions and mood is the

Amygdaloid body

A nerve plexus is a network of interweaving posterior rami of spinal nerves.

False

A spinal nerve is classified as motor or sensory, depending on the type of fibers it contains.

False

Our brain perceives different colors because each cone responds to a different wavelength on the visual spectrum.

False

A brain lesion in the primary somatosensory cortex will likely result in the

Loss of awareness to the opposite side of the body

Which of the following structures is deepest in the inner ear?

Membranous labyrinth

More cortical space is dedicated to areas of the body that are more sensitive. This best describes the

Organisation of the primary motor cortex

Where will the memory of a motor skill likely be stored?

Premotor cortex

Match the component of the cerebral nuclei with its function.

Processes visual information at a subconsious level-claustrum Stimulates muscles to produce the pattern and rhythm of walking-caudate nucleus Excites and inhibits the thalamus to adjust muscle tone-globus pallidus Involved in emotion, behavioral activity, and mood-amygdaloid body Controls muscular movement at the subconscious level-putamen

Match the component of gray matter in the spinal cord with its description.

Serves as a communication route between left and right sides - Gray commissure Houses cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons - Lateral horns Houses cell bodies of somatic motor neurons - Anterior horns Houses axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons - Posterior horns

The lumbar plexus can be divided into anterior and posterior divisions.

T?

If the initial level of sympathetic tone were not present, then only vasoconstriction could occur as a result of sympathetic division activity.

True

There are 31 pairs of mixed nerves that emerge from the spinal cord.

True

Upper motor neurons may inhibit lower motor neurons.

True

Why is visceral pain sometimes localized incorrectly?

Visceral sensory neurons travel along the same pathway as many somatic sensory neurons.

One example of a system or function only controlled by the sympathetic nervous system where the molecules act as hormones is the __________ __________.

adrenal medulla

Which sympathetic pathway is responsible for the prolonged effect of the "fight or flight" response?

adrenal medulla pathway

What type of neuroglial cell serves as the gatekeeper of the blood-brain barrier by controlling what will get in and what will not get into neurons?

astrocytes

After an injury, a patient has difficulty contracting his deltoid muscle. This indicates possible damage to the ___________ nerve.

axillary

The cords of the brachial plexus are named by their location with respect to the

axillary artery

Norepinephrine (NE) a. always has an inhibitory effect on the effector b. has either an excitatory or inhibitory effect on the effector c. always has an excitatory effect on the effector

b

Outer hair cells, near the center of the basilar membrane, will

both magnify vibrations of soft sounds and sharpen pitch perception.

The __________ enlargement of the spinal cord is the location where nerves that supply the upper limbs enter and leave the spinal cord, and the __________ enlargement is the location where nerves that supply the lower limbs enter and leave the spinal cord.

cervical, lumbosacral

Rhythmic oscillations between flexion and extension when the muscle reflex is tested are called ____________

clonus

Rhythmic oscillations between flexion and extension when the muscle reflex is tested are called ____________.

clonus

What are the white matter tracts that connect the cerebral hemispheres?

corpus callosum

Free nerve endings are terminal branches of

dendrites

Which cranial nerve innervates muscles for facial expression, tear production and most salivary glands?

facial

Dual innervation means that visceral effectors are innervated by preganglionic axons from both parasympathetic and sympathetic (ANS) divisions.

false

High-pitched sounds produce a peak displacement of the basilar membrane near the apex of the cochlea.

false

Light causes Na+ channels in rods to close, causing hyperpolarization and the release of inhibitory neurotransmitter to bipolar cells.

false

Rods and cones face the light coming into the eye.

false

The reticular formation is composed of well-organized nuclei embedded within the cerebral white matter.

false

Damage to the ____________ nerve may result in difficulty extending the knee as in kicking a ball.

femoral

The spinal cord extends from the level of the _______________ to the level of the ____________.

foramen magnum, first lumbar vertebra

What neurotransmitter is released from depolarized hair cells to stimulate fibers of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

glutamate

Each thoracic spinal nerve emerges from intervertebral foramen that is _____ to the vertebra of the same number.

inferior?

Which portion of a reflex arc is most likely to be located entirely within the central nervous system?

interneuron

Touching a hot object with the right hand will result in withdrawl of the right hand from the object. This is an example of a(n) ____________ reflex.

ipsilateral

What type of receptors detect deep pressure and vibration?

lamellar Corpuscles

The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division are located

lateral horn of the spinal cord gray matter between T1-L2.

Which brain ventricles are separated by a thin partition called the septum pellucidum?

lateral ventricles

Which functional brain region is involved with higher mental functions such as complex thought, judgment, and expression of personality?

prefrontal cortex

Sensory information from a painful stimulus on the skin will be received by the

primary somatosensory cortex

The spinal cord and spinal nerves are responsible for _______, which are our quickest reactions to a stimulus. Multiple Choice

reflexes

Root hair plexuses are usually found in the

reticular layer of dermis

Tactile cells are located in the

stratum basale

What visceral sensory stimulus triggers the autonomic reflex causing the reduction of blood pressure

stretching of the walls of the large vessels.

The ________________ of the midbrain is responsible for movement, emotional response, and the ability to experience pleasure and pain.

substantia nigra

Tactile cells are associated with

tactile discs

After turning on a bright light in a previously dark room, it is difficult to see for a brief time. This is because

the photoreceptors are photobleached.

The smaller structural units that contain bundles of axons within each white matter funiculus are called

tracts

Autonomic tone is the continual activity of both parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

true

CSF helps control the chemical environment surrounding the brain.

true

Otitis media is an infection of the middle ear.

true

Prevertebral ganglia are located only in the abdominopelvic cavity.

true

Removal of the left cerebral hemisphere would prevent voluntary movement of the right side of the body.

true

The area of the cerebrum that integrates information from the sensory, motor, and assocation areas to enable an individual to plan and execute appropriate responses is the prefrontal cortex.

true

The greater the receptor density, the greater the sensory acuity.

true

The sense of taste is heavily influenced by the olfactory sense as well.

true

The two-neuron chain allows increased communication and control of the effector organ.a

true

Walking into a room and recognizing the smell of a favorite dish is an example of a sensation.

true

there are eight pairs of cervical spinal nerves, but only seven cervical vertebrae.

true

When you travel in an elevator (which moves linearly in space), the ___________ detect when the elevator is accelerating or decelerating.

utricle and saccule.