Chapter 46

The path of the releasing and inhibiting neurohormones from their source to their target.. (1-5)

1)Hypothalamus 2)First capillary bed 3)Veins 4)Second capillary bed 5)Anterior pituitary

The adrenal glands secrete glucocorticoids in response to elecated blood levels of _______.

ACTH

The hormone _______ stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroid hormones.

ACTH

Corticotropin-releasing hormone(CRH) stimulates the release of ______; while _________-releasing hormones (GnRH) stimulates the release of FSH and LH.

ACTH; gonadotropin

When the fluid content of the body is low, such as dehydration, what hormone will be secreted?

ADH

The hormone glucagon in secreted by _____ cells of the ______ islets.

Alpha; pancreatic

Giants come to be by excessive secretions from the _________ _________gland.

Anterior Pituitary

The posterior pituitary gland, an extension of the hypothalamus, can store ______ hormone and _________.

Antidiuretic; Oxytocin

________ is secreted by the thyroid gland, regulates calcium balance, and is antagonistic to the parathyroid hormone.

Calcitonin

________ promotes the excretion of calcium ions in the urine, and it lowers blood levels of calcium ions.

Calcitonin

Parathyroid hormone is synthesized and released in response to falling levels of _____ in the blood.

Calcium

The blood level of _______ needs to be hormonally regulated because a significant drop can cause severe muscle spasms.

Calcuim

_______ plays a role in the molting of insects

Ecdysone

________ glands are specialized to secrete hormones.

Endocrine

What two steroid hormones regulate menstrual and ovarian cycles?

Estrogen, Progesterone

In men, ______ is required for the production of sperm.

FSH

Glycoprotein hormones, peptide hormones, and protein hormones can cross the plasma membrane of their target cells. T or F

False, they are too large or too polar. Steroids can cross

The actions of prolactin appear to be very diverse. It has been implicated in processes of what four organisms?

Fish, birds, amphibians, mammals

Excessive secretion of which hormone in a growing child causes a condition known as gigantism?

GH

G proteins mediate the cell's response to ______ and _______ hormones.

Hydrophilic; epinephrine

When excess sodium is present in the blood, what is the effect on the osmolarity of the blood.

Increases

The _____, _______, and _______ produce hormones but are not endocrine glands exclusively.

Kidney, Thymus, Heart

The ________ secrete erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells.

Kidneys

Which organ secretes erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells?

Kidneys

A surge in ____ causes the follicle cells to rupture and release the oocyte to the oviduct where it can potentially be fertilized.

LH

Androgens exert a negative feeback mechanizm on ___ and ____.

LH and FSH

Gonadotropins include which two hormones?

LH; FSH

Protein/peptide class of hormones include....

Leptin; insulin; glucagon

Insulin-like growth factors are produced by which of the following in response to stimulation by GH?

Liver and bone

What hormone is responsible for the darker coloration in mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and fish?

MSH

The _______ is the inner portion of each adrenal gland.

Medulla

_______ are growth factors that regulate the nervous system.

Neurotropins

______ are growth factors that regulate the nervous system.

Neutropins

The explosive release of a mature egg from the ovary is called ______.

Ovulation

The neuroendocrine reflec is involved in the secretion of what two hormones? *Same as Posterior Pituitary

Oxytocin; ADH

What two hormones does the posterior pituitary (an extension of the hypothalamus) secrete?

Oxytocin; ADH

_______ _______ are released by cells and affect other cell types locally without being transported through the blood.

Paracrine regulators

The ________ glands are four small glands attached to the _______ gland.

Parathyroid; thyroid

_________ hormones of the anterioir pituitary are cleaved from a single precursor protein.

Peptide

Hypophysectomy is the surgical removal of the _________ gland.

Pituitary

The _______ gland hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus at the base of the brain.

Pituitary

________ hormones in mammals stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk.

Prolactin

Aspirin is a drug that inhibits the synthesis of ________, and therefore alleviates the harmful symptoms of inflammation.

Prostaglandin

The ______ is the site of T cell maturation. It also secretes hormones that function in regulation of the immune system.

Thymus

What three glands secrete amino acid hormones?

Thyroid gland; Adrenal medulla; Pineal gland

What hormones triggers metamorphosis in amphibians?

Thyroxine

______ exerts a negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, and inhibits them from secreting their hormones.

Thyroxine.

A condition called ________ is the result of excessively high levels of GH after puberty.

acromegaly

The enzyme ______ _______ catalyzes the formation of the second messenger cAMP from ATP.

adenylyl cyclase

Atrial natriuretic hormone acts antagonistically to the hormone _______ which promotes salt and water retention.

aldosterone

A glycoprotein of the anterior pituitary is typically a dimer containing _____ and ______ subunits, each around 100 amino acids long, with covalently linked sugars

alpha; beta

Biogenic amines are _____ _____ hormones.

amino acid

Some ______ _______ hormones such as growth hormone and prolactin, have direct effects, while others have indirect effects through their action on other endocrine glands.

anterior pituitary

TSH is a hormone produced by the ________ pituitary and stimulates the ______ gland.

anterior; thyroid

The hypothalamohypophyseal portal system consists of _____ that connect the hypothalamus to the ______ gland.

blood vessels; pituitary

The thyroid gland secretes _______, a peptide hormone that plays a role in calcium homeostasis.

calcitonin

Parathyroid hormone is synthesized and released in response to falling levels of ______ in the blood.

calcium

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce ___________.

cortisol

The secretion of the hormone melatonin is activated in the _____.

dark

A deficiency in GH during childhood results in pituitary ________, which is a failure to achieve normal stature.

dwarfism

The hypothalamus acts as a link between the _______ system and the ______ system.

endocrine; nervous

FSH refers to ________-_______ hormone

follicle stimulating

Gonadotropins include ________- stimulating hormone and _______ hormone.

follicle; luteinizing (include LH and FSH)

In liver cells, cAMP-dependent proetin kinases activate enzymes that convert ________ into ______.

glycogen; glucose

The woman with an enlarged swollen neck has an endocrine condition known as ________.

goiter

Atrial natriuretic hormone is secreted by the _____.

heart

The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary gland by means of ________.

horomones

GHRH is a hormone produced by the _______ and stimulates the ______ _______ gland to release GH.

hypothalamus; anterior pituitary

Cytokines are growth factors specialized to control cell division and differentiation in the _______ system

immune

_______ is the only hormone that promotes movement of glucose from blood into cells.

insulin

In insect development, the decline in ________ hormone below a certain concentration results in the transition from the _____ to the adult form.

juvenile; larvae

The adrenal glands are located atop the _________.

kidneys

Progesterone, Cortisol, and Estradiol are ________ hormones

lipophilic

________ hormones are transported in the blood attached to transport proteins.

lipophilic

Steroid hormones are _____ while protein/peptide hormones are ______.

lipophilic, hydrophilic

MSH regulates the synthesis and dispersion of ________ pigment.

melanin

MSH stands for __________-_________ hormone.

melanocyte-stimulating

GH stimulates protein synthesis in _____ and connective tissues; it also indirectly promotes the elongation of _______.

muscles; bones

ADH and oxytocin are said to be secreted by a ________ reflex.

neuroendocrine

Neurons can secrete a class of chemicals that are carried by the blood and are called _________.

neurohormones.

The receptor for steroid hormone may be in the _____ or _______ of the cell.

nucleus; cytplasm

PTH stimulates bone cells, which are called _________, to dissolve calcium phosphate crystals of the bone matrix and release Ca2+ into the blood. It also stimulates the _______ to reabsorb Ca2+ from the urine.

osteoclasts; kidneys

In mammals, the hormone _______ stimulates the milk ejection reflex.

oxytocin

Antidiuretic hormone, insulin, and GH are examples of ________ hormone.

peptide

Melatonin is a hormone produced by the ______ gland which is important in biorhythms.

pineal

The hypothalamus and pituitary are connected by a system of blood vessels called the hypothalamohypophyseal _______ system.

portal

________ feedback is uncommon because it causes deviations from homeostasis.

positive

In mammals, sex steroids are responsible for the development of _______ sexual characteristics at puberty.

secondary

The anterior pituitary produces __#___ main horomones.

seven

Hormone receptor proteins specifically bind the hormone and active _____ _____ pathways that produces a response to the hormone.

signal transduction

Hormone receptor proteins specifically bine the hormone and activate _______ ________ pathways that produces response to the hormone.

signal transduction

Growth hormone is also called _____.

somatotropin

Ghrelin is a peptide hormone produced by the _______ between meals.

stomach

The _________ secretes a number of hormones that function in the regulation of the immune system.

thymus

In amphibians, ______ hormones promote the reabsorption of a tadpole's tail and the development of legs during metamorphosis.

thyroid

The hormone TSH stimulates the ______ gland to produce the hormone _______.

thyroid; thyroxine

TSH is also called _______.

thyrotropin

______ hormones act on other endocrine glands to stimulate the secretion of hormones produced by the target gland.

tropic

Oxytocin stimulates the contractions of the smooth muscles in the ______ during childbirth.

uterus

Atrial natriuretic hormone stimulates the kidneys to excrete ______ and _____ in urine.

water; sodium