Chapter 46
The path of the releasing and inhibiting neurohormones from their source to their target.. (1-5)
1)Hypothalamus 2)First capillary bed 3)Veins 4)Second capillary bed 5)Anterior pituitary
The adrenal glands secrete glucocorticoids in response to elecated blood levels of _______.
ACTH
The hormone _______ stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroid hormones.
ACTH
Corticotropin-releasing hormone(CRH) stimulates the release of ______; while _________-releasing hormones (GnRH) stimulates the release of FSH and LH.
ACTH; gonadotropin
When the fluid content of the body is low, such as dehydration, what hormone will be secreted?
ADH
The hormone glucagon in secreted by _____ cells of the ______ islets.
Alpha; pancreatic
Giants come to be by excessive secretions from the _________ _________gland.
Anterior Pituitary
The posterior pituitary gland, an extension of the hypothalamus, can store ______ hormone and _________.
Antidiuretic; Oxytocin
________ is secreted by the thyroid gland, regulates calcium balance, and is antagonistic to the parathyroid hormone.
Calcitonin
________ promotes the excretion of calcium ions in the urine, and it lowers blood levels of calcium ions.
Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone is synthesized and released in response to falling levels of _____ in the blood.
Calcium
The blood level of _______ needs to be hormonally regulated because a significant drop can cause severe muscle spasms.
Calcuim
_______ plays a role in the molting of insects
Ecdysone
________ glands are specialized to secrete hormones.
Endocrine
What two steroid hormones regulate menstrual and ovarian cycles?
Estrogen, Progesterone
In men, ______ is required for the production of sperm.
FSH
Glycoprotein hormones, peptide hormones, and protein hormones can cross the plasma membrane of their target cells. T or F
False, they are too large or too polar. Steroids can cross
The actions of prolactin appear to be very diverse. It has been implicated in processes of what four organisms?
Fish, birds, amphibians, mammals
Excessive secretion of which hormone in a growing child causes a condition known as gigantism?
GH
G proteins mediate the cell's response to ______ and _______ hormones.
Hydrophilic; epinephrine
When excess sodium is present in the blood, what is the effect on the osmolarity of the blood.
Increases
The _____, _______, and _______ produce hormones but are not endocrine glands exclusively.
Kidney, Thymus, Heart
The ________ secrete erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells.
Kidneys
Which organ secretes erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells?
Kidneys
A surge in ____ causes the follicle cells to rupture and release the oocyte to the oviduct where it can potentially be fertilized.
LH
Androgens exert a negative feeback mechanizm on ___ and ____.
LH and FSH
Gonadotropins include which two hormones?
LH; FSH
Protein/peptide class of hormones include....
Leptin; insulin; glucagon
Insulin-like growth factors are produced by which of the following in response to stimulation by GH?
Liver and bone
What hormone is responsible for the darker coloration in mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and fish?
MSH
The _______ is the inner portion of each adrenal gland.
Medulla
_______ are growth factors that regulate the nervous system.
Neurotropins
______ are growth factors that regulate the nervous system.
Neutropins
The explosive release of a mature egg from the ovary is called ______.
Ovulation
The neuroendocrine reflec is involved in the secretion of what two hormones? *Same as Posterior Pituitary
Oxytocin; ADH
What two hormones does the posterior pituitary (an extension of the hypothalamus) secrete?
Oxytocin; ADH
_______ _______ are released by cells and affect other cell types locally without being transported through the blood.
Paracrine regulators
The ________ glands are four small glands attached to the _______ gland.
Parathyroid; thyroid
_________ hormones of the anterioir pituitary are cleaved from a single precursor protein.
Peptide
Hypophysectomy is the surgical removal of the _________ gland.
Pituitary
The _______ gland hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus at the base of the brain.
Pituitary
________ hormones in mammals stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk.
Prolactin
Aspirin is a drug that inhibits the synthesis of ________, and therefore alleviates the harmful symptoms of inflammation.
Prostaglandin
The ______ is the site of T cell maturation. It also secretes hormones that function in regulation of the immune system.
Thymus
What three glands secrete amino acid hormones?
Thyroid gland; Adrenal medulla; Pineal gland
What hormones triggers metamorphosis in amphibians?
Thyroxine
______ exerts a negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, and inhibits them from secreting their hormones.
Thyroxine.
A condition called ________ is the result of excessively high levels of GH after puberty.
acromegaly
The enzyme ______ _______ catalyzes the formation of the second messenger cAMP from ATP.
adenylyl cyclase
Atrial natriuretic hormone acts antagonistically to the hormone _______ which promotes salt and water retention.
aldosterone
A glycoprotein of the anterior pituitary is typically a dimer containing _____ and ______ subunits, each around 100 amino acids long, with covalently linked sugars
alpha; beta
Biogenic amines are _____ _____ hormones.
amino acid
Some ______ _______ hormones such as growth hormone and prolactin, have direct effects, while others have indirect effects through their action on other endocrine glands.
anterior pituitary
TSH is a hormone produced by the ________ pituitary and stimulates the ______ gland.
anterior; thyroid
The hypothalamohypophyseal portal system consists of _____ that connect the hypothalamus to the ______ gland.
blood vessels; pituitary
The thyroid gland secretes _______, a peptide hormone that plays a role in calcium homeostasis.
calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone is synthesized and released in response to falling levels of ______ in the blood.
calcium
ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce ___________.
cortisol
The secretion of the hormone melatonin is activated in the _____.
dark
A deficiency in GH during childhood results in pituitary ________, which is a failure to achieve normal stature.
dwarfism
The hypothalamus acts as a link between the _______ system and the ______ system.
endocrine; nervous
FSH refers to ________-_______ hormone
follicle stimulating
Gonadotropins include ________- stimulating hormone and _______ hormone.
follicle; luteinizing (include LH and FSH)
In liver cells, cAMP-dependent proetin kinases activate enzymes that convert ________ into ______.
glycogen; glucose
The woman with an enlarged swollen neck has an endocrine condition known as ________.
goiter
Atrial natriuretic hormone is secreted by the _____.
heart
The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary gland by means of ________.
horomones
GHRH is a hormone produced by the _______ and stimulates the ______ _______ gland to release GH.
hypothalamus; anterior pituitary
Cytokines are growth factors specialized to control cell division and differentiation in the _______ system
immune
_______ is the only hormone that promotes movement of glucose from blood into cells.
insulin
In insect development, the decline in ________ hormone below a certain concentration results in the transition from the _____ to the adult form.
juvenile; larvae
The adrenal glands are located atop the _________.
kidneys
Progesterone, Cortisol, and Estradiol are ________ hormones
lipophilic
________ hormones are transported in the blood attached to transport proteins.
lipophilic
Steroid hormones are _____ while protein/peptide hormones are ______.
lipophilic, hydrophilic
MSH regulates the synthesis and dispersion of ________ pigment.
melanin
MSH stands for __________-_________ hormone.
melanocyte-stimulating
GH stimulates protein synthesis in _____ and connective tissues; it also indirectly promotes the elongation of _______.
muscles; bones
ADH and oxytocin are said to be secreted by a ________ reflex.
neuroendocrine
Neurons can secrete a class of chemicals that are carried by the blood and are called _________.
neurohormones.
The receptor for steroid hormone may be in the _____ or _______ of the cell.
nucleus; cytplasm
PTH stimulates bone cells, which are called _________, to dissolve calcium phosphate crystals of the bone matrix and release Ca2+ into the blood. It also stimulates the _______ to reabsorb Ca2+ from the urine.
osteoclasts; kidneys
In mammals, the hormone _______ stimulates the milk ejection reflex.
oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone, insulin, and GH are examples of ________ hormone.
peptide
Melatonin is a hormone produced by the ______ gland which is important in biorhythms.
pineal
The hypothalamus and pituitary are connected by a system of blood vessels called the hypothalamohypophyseal _______ system.
portal
________ feedback is uncommon because it causes deviations from homeostasis.
positive
In mammals, sex steroids are responsible for the development of _______ sexual characteristics at puberty.
secondary
The anterior pituitary produces __#___ main horomones.
seven
Hormone receptor proteins specifically bind the hormone and active _____ _____ pathways that produces a response to the hormone.
signal transduction
Hormone receptor proteins specifically bine the hormone and activate _______ ________ pathways that produces response to the hormone.
signal transduction
Growth hormone is also called _____.
somatotropin
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone produced by the _______ between meals.
stomach
The _________ secretes a number of hormones that function in the regulation of the immune system.
thymus
In amphibians, ______ hormones promote the reabsorption of a tadpole's tail and the development of legs during metamorphosis.
thyroid
The hormone TSH stimulates the ______ gland to produce the hormone _______.
thyroid; thyroxine
TSH is also called _______.
thyrotropin
______ hormones act on other endocrine glands to stimulate the secretion of hormones produced by the target gland.
tropic
Oxytocin stimulates the contractions of the smooth muscles in the ______ during childbirth.
uterus
Atrial natriuretic hormone stimulates the kidneys to excrete ______ and _____ in urine.
water; sodium