Chapter 5

Social exchange theory conceptualizes social interaction as -calculated risks to balance rewards and punishments. -based on the meaning people give to actions in society. -a rational balancing act involving perceived costs and benefits of a given behavior. -enactment of social roles played out in front of an audience.

a rational balancing act involving perceived costs and benefits of a given behavior.

An ascribed status is one that is

beyond the individual's control

According to the text, social organization -is most common in industrial societies. -brings predictability to human behavior. -is apparent only to researchers. -applies only to very large organizations.

brings predictability to human behavior.

According to the text, social institutions -do not serve any particular function in society. -are found only in large societies. -cannot be observed directly. -are rare in our society.

cannot be observed directly.

Which factor is most important in distinguishing among types of societies?

development of technology

From the perspective of conflict theorists, social institutions -exist to protect the rights of those with less power in society. -hold society together. -create meaning for the people who participate in them. -do not provide equally for all members of society.

do not provide equally for all members of society.

According to the text, functionalist theorists contend that one purpose social institutions serve is to -shape individual identity and personality. -distribute power to the various segments of society unequally. -provide for some segments of society at the expense of others. -ensure the stability and continuance of society.

ensure the stability and continuance of society.

Only a small percentage of our communication with each other is nonverbal. t/f

f

Which of the following is not a social institution?

friends

Goffman's theory of dramaturgy views human experience as if it were a performance. Specifically, Goffman argues that -the only time we are not engaged in performance is with family and close friends. -we are unaware that we are engaging in a performance. -how we present ourselves varies according to the stage we are in and the role we are performing. -we perform in a way that presents a consistent image of ourselves.

how we present ourselves varies according to the stage we are in and the role we are performing.

In a society marked by organic solidarity, -the roles people play are very similar. -individuals share the same values and hold the same things sacred. -individuals play a great variety of different roles, and unity is based on role differentiation. -there is a complete lack of collective consciousness.

individuals play a great variety of different roles, and unity is based on role differentiation.

In a society where mechanical solidarity exists, -individuals share the same values, hold the same things sacred, and frequently play the same roles. -solidarity is created by individuals playing a great variety of different roles. -the performance of multiple roles is necessary for the execution of society's complex and integrated functions. -unity is based on role differentiation, not similarity.

individuals share the same values, hold the same things sacred, and frequently play the same roles.

Anne is a college student, a full-time employee, and a mother of two young children. Anne may experience role conflict because -the roles of mother, especially of young children, and full-time employee are inherently incompatible. -society is still quite disapproving of working mothers and will sanction her in some way. -she will demand that others help her and, when the help is not forthcoming, will relinquish a role. -it is likely to be impossible for her to fully satisfy the expectations associated with all of those roles.

it is likely to be impossible for her to fully satisfy the expectations associated with all of those roles.

Jack and Carol are in a meeting at work, and Carol notices that Jack tends to lean forward when men are speaking but leans back and looks away when women are speaking. Jack maintains that he pays equal attention to male and female speakers, but Carol finds his _____ communication more persuasive.

nonverbal

Students are expected to spend a lot of time on their studies, but students are also expected to perform some sort of volunteer work and socialize in their residence halls. The result is -role conflict because the scholar, community volunteer, and friend roles often conflict. -role strain because of the conflicting expectations associated with being a student. -anomie because of the sometimes overwhelming stress associated with being a student. -role breakdown because of the difficulty in figuring out what should be done at any given time.

role strain because of the conflicting expectations associated with being a student.

Sociologists use the term ______ to refer to the organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together make up society.

social structure

An immigrant from Vietnam was a lawyer in his home country. In the United States, he cannot practice law, so he drives a cab for a living. He is experiencing

status inconsistency

The social construction of reality is most closely associated with

symbolic interaction theory

You can feel passionate love for someone, including strong sexual feelings and intense emotion, yet not really "like" the person. t/f

t

Sociologists distinguish six different types of societies based on -locations in the world and resulting geographic and climate-related characteristics. -the complexity of their social structure, amount of cultural accumulation, and level of technology. -their economic system-command, market, or traditional economies. -their political systems: democracy, monarchy/aristocracy, or oligarchy.

the complexity of their social structure, amount of cultural accumulation, and level of technology.

In fast-food restaurants, it is not uncommon for high school students and the elderly to be frontline employees, taking orders and serving customers, while young adults work as managers and older individuals manage groups of restaurants or regions. This illustrates what Durkheim referred to as division of labor and -the integration of male tasks and female tasks. -important secondary relationships. -unity within diversity. -the relatedness of different tasks.

the relatedness of different tasks.

Symbolic interactionists argue that our perceptions of reality are determined by our definition of the situation. This means that, to a large extent, -we can never have any opinions or perceptions of reality. -our opinions and perceptions are determined by what others want us to believe. -we wait until we have enough factual information before we form opinions. -we basically see what we want to see.

we basically see what we want to see.

It is not uncommon for people, especially unattached young people, to wonder whether they will ever find their soul mate, the person with whom they will share love and life. What does research have to say about such matters? -Love is simply impossible to measure. -Science can predict with whom we will fall in love, at least to some extent. -There is really no pattern in whom we will be attracted to much less whom we will love. -Love is a matter of the heart and cannot be predicted.

-Science can predict with whom we will fall in love, at least to some extent.

Which of the following is most consistent with a gemeinschaft society? -Individuals talking in a cubicle in a large corporation. -Strangers on a street corner. -A small community's tomato festival. -A large city park.

A small community's tomato festival.

Which of the following characteristics does a society not possess? -Individuals have a high degree of interdependence among their members. -People think of themselves as distinct from other societies. -Groups resemble society but are similar in size. -Members maintain ties of interaction.

Groups resemble society but are similar in size.

From a sociological perspective, which of these is not necessarily characteristic of a group? -Members share goals and norms. -Members communicate with each other. -Members possess an awareness of themselves as "we." -Interaction is face-to-face.

Interaction is face-to-face.

Sociologists who study the large patterns of social interactions that are vast, complex, and highly differentiated are using

Macroanalysis

Which of the following is true about human relationships? -Most people have a strong need for affiliation. -Many people lack human contact. -Most people are not conscious of their need for relationships. -Most people do not seek affiliation.

Most people have a strong need for affiliation.

Which statement about gender is accurate? -Gender is the result of biology. -Gender and sex mean the same thing. -Gender is solely an ascribed status. -People enact their gender through behaviors and appearance.

People enact their gender through behaviors and appearance.

Which statement about proxemic communication is true? -Women always stand close, regardless of the degree of friendship with the person they are talking to. -People are generally aware of how they use personal space. -People who are sexually attracted to each other stand exceptionally close. -Hispanic people tend to stand farther apart than do non-Hispanic people.

People who are sexually attracted to each other stand exceptionally close.

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild's concept of "the second shift" is discussed in the text as an example of

Role Conflict

_____ is an established position in a social structure that carries with it a degree of social rank or value.

Status

Which of these is true about gesellschaft societies? -Primary relationships are dominant in society. -Mechanical solidarity creates social control. -The division of labor creates organic solidarity. -They have no social cohesion.

The division of labor creates organic solidarity.

from a sociological perspective, what is the relationship between culture and society? -A society is much larger and more widespread than culture. -A society involves social interaction; culture does not. -Culture is a subset of society. -The members of a society share a culture to some extent.

The members of a society share a culture to some extent.

According to Emile Durkheim, _____ gives groups social solidarity because members of a group feel they are part of one society.

Collective Consciousness

A status that is earned is referred to as an _____ status.

achieved

In contemporary societies, division of labor is most likely to be based on -interest and enthusiasm -religion and moral beliefs -age, gender, race, and class distinctions -intelligence and ability

age, gender, race, and class distinctions

As soon as it drops on Netflix, Zorah binge-watches the new season of Orange Is the New Black. Like the others watching it, Zorah is part of a(n)

audience

Every time he spends semester breaks at home, Sam's very traditional mother asks when she will be able to tell their large extended family there will soon be a wedding. Sam, who is extremely busy with schoolwork and isn't all that socially active, sometimes wonders as well. He very much wants to get married and have a family. One thing Sam should keep in mind is that -attraction to others is not subject to scientific prediction. -close proximity is one of the determinants of attraction between people. -people tend to fear too much personal disclosure when communicating online. -absence makes the heart grow fonder; we tend to find those who live farther away from us more attractive.

close proximity is one of the determinants of attraction between people.

Role _____ occurs when it becomes impossible to meet the expectations associated with all of the roles in one's role set.

conflict