Chapter 5 Integumentary System
What does the epidermis consist of?
The epidermis consists of 4 distinct cell types and 5 layers.
Psoriasis
chronic noncontagious inflammatory autoimmune skin disease characterized by the development of dry reddish patches that are covered with silvery-white scales.
The stratum corneum consists of:
dead cells rich in KERATIN
Third degree burn
full thickness burns
Fissure
groove or crack-like break in the skin
What does Spinosum mean?
"Little spine". When looked under a microscope, the cells in this layer look prickly.
Complete cell turnover occurs in young adults every .. :
28 to 30 day
How many pigments contribute to skin color?
3
How many dead skin cells fall from your body each minute?
30,000 to 40,000. This amounts to about 40 pounds of skin in lifetime.
How many square feet inches does the integumentary system cover?
3000 Sq inches
How many epidermal cells are there?
4
Complete cell turnover occurs in elderly adults every.. :
45 to 50 days
How many epidermal layers are there?
5
Amount of water lost through the skin
500 mL a day
How many functions does the skin have?
7
Common, noncontagious and chronic disorder of the sebaceous glands
Acne vulgaris
What does Psoriasis effect?
Elbows, knees, shins, scalp, and lower back
Where are the receptors for touch located?
Epidermis
What if the first basic skin layer?
Epidermis (outermost covering)
What is the Epidermis made of :
Epithelial cells with no blood vessels present (AVASCULAR)
Where is the thinnest layer found?
Eyelids
Where are these ridges pronounced?
Fingers, soles of feet, and the palms of hands
What are the pigments?
Melanin, Carotene, Hemoglobin
Fifth function of skin:
Storage; Skin has tissues for the temporary storage of fat, glucose, water, and salts such as sodium chloride. Most of these substance are later absorbed by the blood and transported to other part of the body.
Another name for Stratum Germinativum
Stratum Basale
What is the 5th layer of epidermal?
Stratum Corneum
First layer (deepest) :
Stratum Germinativum
What is the deepest epidermal layer?
Stratum Germinativum
What is the 3rd layer of the epidermal?
Stratum Granulosum
Name of surface layer?
Stratum corneum
What is the 4th layer of the epidermal?
Stratum lucidum
What is the 2nd layer of the epidermal?
Stratum spinosum
Herpes
viral infection that is usually seen as a blister
The skin consists of how many basic layers?
2
Blood vessels in the dermis aid in the regulation of body temperature to maintain homeostasis.
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Ceruminous of wax glands are modifications of the sweat gland. These are found in the ear canals and produce wax
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Fungal infections make up approximately 50% of nail disorders
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Ingrown nails are a common nail problem
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The hypodermal layer attaches the integumentary stystem to the surface muscles underneath.
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The subcutaneous or hypodermal layer is not a true part of the integumentary system.
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Warts are human papilloma viral infections that affect the skin around or underneath the nail
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How many mm per week does a nail grow?
1
Where is a nail formed?
A nail is formed in the nail bed or matrix
What is keratin?
A protein that renders the skin dry and provides a waterproof covering, thus resisting evaporation and preventing excessive water loss. It also serves as a barrier against ultraviolet light, bacteria, abrasions, and chemicals.
Sweat Glands
Also called "sudoriferous glands" are distributed over the entire skin surface
What does sebum contain?
Amino acids, lactic acids, lipids, salt, and urea.
Second function of skin:
Body temperature ; helps regulate body temperature by controling the amount of heat loss. Evaporation of water from skin, in the form of perspiration, helps rid the body of excess heat.
What is the Dermis made of:
Connective tissue and is VASCULAR
What is contained in the stratum spinosum?
Contained in it are Melanocytes, Keratinocytes, and Langerhans cells.
Where is hair pigment located?
Cortex
What does integumentary mean?
Covering
What else can the skin be referred to as?
Cutaneous membrane
Where does the papillae arise from?
Dermal layer of the skin and push into the stratum germinativum of the epidermis.
What is the second basic skin layer?
Dermis (true skin)
What is alopecia
Generic predisposition which causes baldness , which is permanent hair loss
What do the appendages of the skin include?
Hair, nails, sudoriferous (sweat) glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands and their ducts.
What is heparin?
Heparin is released in response to injury and prevents blood clotting (anticoagulant).
Another name for shingles?
Herpes Zoster
What are the most common type of herpes?
Herpes simplex, genital herpes, and herpes zoster (shingles)
Hyper
High
Ringworm
Highly contagious fungal infection marked by raised, itchy, circular patches with crust
What is histamine?
Histamine is released in response to allergens, causing the signs of an allergic reaction, itching, and increased mucus secretions.
What are injections called ?
Hypodermic or subcutaneous
Hypo
Low
What does the sebum do?
Lubricates the skin keeping it soft and pliable
Abrasion
Injury in which superficial layers of the skin are scraped or rubbed away
What do the mast cells in the dermis respond to?
Injury, infections, or allergy
Integumentary System
Is made up of skin and its appendages: hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. The word integumentary means "covering". The skin may also be referred to as the" cutaneous membrane". In the average adult the integumentary system covers the 3000 square inches of surface area.
What is the stratum spinosum?
It is 8 to 10 cell layers thick.
What is the Stratum Corneum?
It is comprised of dead,flat, scalelike keratinized cells, which slough odd daily.
What is stratum lucidum?
It is found only on the palms of the hand and soles of the feet. The cells in this layer appear clear.
What is the Stratum Granulosum ?
It is where the KERATINIZATION process begins and the cells begin to die.
What does the first layer do?
It undergoes continuous cell division
What is the first epidermal cell?
Keratinocytes
What does the statum germinativum layer mostly consist of?
Keratinocytes; they grow upwards and become part of the most superficial layers (the stratum spinosum).
What is the fourth epidermal cell?
Langerhans cell
What is the third epidermal cell?
Melanocytes
What else can be found in the germinativum layer?
Melanocytes and Merkel Cells
What is the second epidermal cell?
Merkel cell
Fourth function of skin:
Nerve ending; A square inch of skin contains about 72 feet of nerves and hundreds of receptors.
Dermatitis
Noncontagious inflammation of the skin that may be nonspecific
Where is the thickest layer found?
Palm of hands and the soles of feet
The lower edge of the stratum germinativum is thrown into ridges. These ridges are known as the :
Papillae of the skin
What is perspiration?
Pespiration is 99%water with only small quantities of salt and organic materials (waste product)
First function of skin:
Protection ; protecting them ( underlying, deeper tissue) from dehydration, injury and germ invasion.
What is the sebum secreted by?
Sebaceous glands
The skin is protected by a thick, oily substance known as:
Sebum
What is the largest organ of our body?
Skin
Seventh function of skin:
Skin has special properties that permit it to absorb certain drugs and other chemical substances.
Third function of skin:
Skin helps to manufacture VITAMIN D. The ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT on the skin is necessary for the first stages of vitamin D formation.
Sixth function of skin:
Skin serves to reduce the harmful ultraviolet radiation contained in sunlight
What is keratinization?
The process where the keratinocyte cells change their shape, lose their nucleus, lose most of their water, and become mainly hard protein of keratin.
What are Langerhans Cell ?
They are MACROPHAGES that are effective in the defense of the skin against microorganisms.
Where are the pressure receptors located?
They are deeper in the dermal layer.
What do Merkel Cells do?
They are the sensory receptors for touch.
What do Keratinocytes do?
They comprise most of the epidermis and produce the protein keratin.
What do Melanocytes do?
They make the protein MELANIN, which protects the skin against the ultraviolet rays of the sun.
What do these mast cells produce?
They produce histamine and heparin
What else occurs in the stratum corneum?
This layer is also slightly acidic, which helps in the defense against harmful microorganisms
Where are the sense pain receptors located?
Under the epidermis and around the hair follicle. These pain receptors are especially numerous on the lower arm, breast and forehead.
Impetigo
acute, inflammatory, and contagious skin disease seen in babies and young children
Eczema
acute, or chronic, noncontagious inflammatory skin disease. The skin becomes dry, red, itchy and scaly.
Genital herpes
appear as a blister in the genital area
Boils (carbuncles)
noncontagious and very painful
Rosacea
noncontagious common inflammatory disorder characterized by chronic redness and irritation to the face
Urticaria (hives)
noncontagious skin condition recognized by the appearance of intensely itching wheals or welts
Herpes simplex
occurs around the face and mouth; symptoms are called cold sores or fever blisters
Where is the stratum lucidum only found?
palm of the hand and soles of the feet
Second degree burn
partial-thickness burns
What is the hair composed of?
root shaft, the outer cuticle layer, the cortex, and the inner medulla
Shingles (herpes zoster)
skin eruption due to a virus infection of the nerve endings.
First degree burn
superficial burns
What is Sebum?
thick oily substance that protects the skin
Laceration
torn or jagged wound
