Chapter 5 Neuroanatomy, Neurophysiology, behavior and Neurotransmitters, receptors, activity

Problems with the occipital lobe can lead to:

- visual field defects.

Problems with the parietal lobe can lead to:

-Problems with the parietal lobe can lead to sensory-perceptual disturbances and agnosia.

Problems with the temporal lobe can lead to:

-Problems with the temporal lobe can lead to aphasia and amnesia.

>A presentation characterized by euphoria, lack of inhibition, dry mouth, and blurred vision suggests:

>A presentation characterized by euphoria, lack of inhibition, dry mouth, and blurred vision suggests a deficit of acetylcholine.

>A presentation characterized by insensitivity to pain, catatonic movement, auditory hallucination, and decreased pleasure indicates an excess of:

A presentation characterized by insensitivity to pain, catatonic movement, auditory hallucination, and decreased pleasure indicate an excess of opioid-type peptides.

When dopamine transmission is disrupted in the mesocorticolimbic pathway, disorders such as:

ADHD, addiction, and schizophrenia can result.

Psychiatric medications can cause four different pharmacodynamic effects on cell receptors. Agonist effect:

Antagonist effect: drug binds to the receptor but does not activate a biological response

Chromosomes are structures of

Chromosomes are structures of DNA in the nucleus of the cell.

When prescribing antipsychotic medication, the NP may consider a dopamine receptor antagonist (DRA) instead of a serotonin-dopamine antagonist (SDA) with fewer extrapyramidal symptoms for what reason? A. Lower risk of metabolic abnormalities B. Fewer extrapyramidal symptoms C. Better efficacy for treatment-resistant patients D. Increased appetite in people with diminished hunger

Correct answer: -Lower risk of metabolic abnormalities DRAs, although known for extrapyramidal effects, have a lower incidence of metabolic issues such as weight gain, diabetes, and elevated lipid profiles associated with serotonin receptor antagonists or second-generation antipsychotics.

In common psychiatric disorders, neurotransmitters are implicated in the complex pathophysiology of specific disease processes. A decrease in dopamine will cause an exacerbation of which disorder? A. Parkinson's disease and anhedonia B. Anxiety C. Schizophrenia D.Bipolar affective disorder

Correct answer: In Parkinson's disease and a patient suffering from anhedonia, dopamine decreases.

What is the general function of dopamine?

Correct answer: The general function of dopamine involves normal functioning of thinking, decision-making, reward-seeking behavior, fine muscle action, and integrated cognition.

What is the general function of norepinephrine?

Correct answer: The general function of norepinephrine involves alertness, orientation, fight-or-flight, learning, memory, and focus and attention.

What is the general function of serotonin?

Correct answer: The general function of serotonin involves the regulation of sleep, pain perception, mood states, temperature, aggression, and libido.

Understanding pharmacokinetics and the distribution of medication in the bloodstream, the PMH-NP monitors which of the following patients for possible toxicity and a need for lowered dosing? A. A 20-year-old patient with a high fever B. A malnourished patient C. A patient with Crohn's disease D. An athletic patient

Correct answer: A malnourished patient >The principle of distribution requires that the medication binds to a protein for movement through the body. The chemicals are not active when they are protein-bound. The active form of medication is the unbound chemicals in the bloodstream. >When a person is malnourished, they may be protein-deficient and have less protein for the medications to bind. This leaves more active medication in the bloodstream and increases the risk of toxicity. Extremely thin, malnourished, protein-deficient, or elderly patients are at risk for toxicity due to decreased muscle mass. >Crohn's disease impacts absorption. A young person with a high fever is not routinely monitored for drug toxicity. An athletic body does not indicate malnourishment or protein deficiency.

How does the body remove both serotonin and norepinephrine from the synaptic cleft? A. A reverse action potential B. An active reuptake process C. A monoamine oxidase enzymatic action D. Diffusion off their receptors

Correct answer: An active reuptake process -Both serotonin and norepinephrine are removed from the synaptic cleft and returned to storage via an active reuptake process. -Dopamine, on the other hand, is removed from the synaptic cleft by monoamine oxidase enzymatic action.

In common psychiatric disorders, neurotransmitters are implicated in the complex pathophysiology of certain disease processes. A decrease in dopamine will cause an exacerbation of which disorder? A.Psychosis B.Obsessive-compulsive disorders C. Anhedonia D. Anxiety disorders

Correct answer: Anhedonia Patients suffering from anhedonia present with a decrease in dopamine activity.

The neurotransmitter dopamine increases the sense of well-being and decreases hunger and cravings. Which of the following medications is a dopamine antagonist that increases the possibility of Parkinson's disease, anhedonia, and addiction? A.Buproprion B. SNRIs C. Antipsychotics D. Amphetamines

Correct answer: Antipsychotics >Antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists. >Amphetamines, SNRIs, and bupropion are all examples of dopamine agonists.

The neurotransmitter dopamine increases the sense of well-being and decreases hunger and cravings. Which of the following medications is a dopamine antagonist that increases the possibility of Parkinson's disease, anhedonia, and addiction? A. Buproprion B. SNRIs C. Antipsychotics D. Amphetamines

Correct answer: Antipsychotics -Antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists. -Amphetamines, SNRIs, and bupropion are all examples of dopamine agonists.

Which part of the brain is composed of the cells that produce neurotransmitters? A. Corpus striatum B. Brainstem C. Hypothalamus D. Basal ganglia

Correct answer: Brainstem >The brainstem is made up of the cells that produce neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine. >The basal ganglia, also called the corpus striatum, functions in learning and automatic actions like walking and driving a car. >The hypothalamus regulates appetite, water balance, circadian rhythm, body temperature, and libido.

A PMH-NP evaluates a 67-year-old patient with new-onset stuttering and an inability to verbalize what they want to say. On assessment, the patient appears to have good receptive comprehension. The patient is accompanied by her daughter, who reports the patient has had long-standing hypertension and anxiety and frequently refuses to take her medications. The daughter brought her mother for an evaluation of anxiety, which she believes is causing the current symptoms. The PMH-NP suspects a possible stroke due to high blood pressure impacting which area of the brain? A. Broadman's areas B. Amygdala C. Wernicke's area D. Broca's area

Correct answer: Broca's area -Broca's area is associated with fluency of speech. Damage to this area can result in expressive aphasia. -Wernicke's area is associated with comprehension. ---The brain is divided into 52 subdivisions called Broadman's areas. -The amygdala is located in the temporal lobe and processes memory and emotional responses.

A PMH-NP evaluates a 67-year-old patient with new-onset stuttering and an inability to verbalize what they want to say. On assessment, the patient appears to have good receptive comprehension. The patient is accompanied by her daughter, who reports that the patient has had long-standing hypertension and anxiety and frequently refuses to take her medications. The daughter brought her mother for an evaluation of anxiety, which she believes is causing the current symptoms. The PMH-NP suspects a stroke due to high blood pressure impacting which brain area? A. Broca's area B. Broadman's areas C. Wernicke's area D. Amygdala

Correct answer: Broca's area >Broca's area is associated with fluency of speech. Damage to this area can result in expressive aphasia.

The basal ganglia are responsible for all of the following functions except: A. Connecting sensory smell information with emotions B. Initiating complex motor function C. Maintaining muscle tone, posture, and common reflexes D. Stabilizing somatic motor activity

Correct answer: Connecting sensory smell information with emotions >The limbic system's amygdala, not the basal ganglia, is responsible for connecting sensory smell information with emotions. >The basal ganglia stabilizes somatic motor activity, initiates complex motor function, and maintains muscle tone, posture, and common reflexes.

Disorganized thinking, loose associations, tics, and stereotypic behavior suggest that a patient is experiencing an excess of which neurotransmitter? A. Acetylcholine B. Norepinephrine C. Serotonin D. Dopamine

Correct answer: Dopamine -A dopamine excess results in symptoms of disorganized thinking, loose associations, tics, and stereotypic behavior. -A dopamine deficit results in symptoms of Parkinson's disease, endocrine alterations, poor spatiality, and lack of abstract thought. -A serotonin excess results in restlessness, agitation, myoclonus, and vital sign abnormalities. -An acetylcholine excess results in over-inhibition, anxiety, somatic complaints, self-consciousness, and drooling. -A norepinephrine excess results in hyper-alertness, paranoia, and decreased appetite.

Examples of monoamine neurotransmitters include which of the following? A. Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin B. Endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins C. Substance P and somatostatins D. Glutamate, GABA, aspartate, and acetylcholine

Correct answer: Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin Neurotransmitters fall into four categories: Monoamines Amino acids Cholinergics Neuropeptides (divided into nonopioid type and opioid type) >Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are examples of monoamine neurotransmitters. These are also called biogenic amines. >Glutamate, GABA, aspartate, and acetylcholine are examples of amino acids. >Substance P and somatostatins are examples of nonopioid-type neuropeptides. >Endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins are examples of opioid-type neuropeptides.

What is the term for a complete set of DNA? A. DNA B. mRNA C.Genome D. Chromosome

Correct answer: Genome A genome is a complete set of DNA.

Bipolar disorder is believed to be related to an increase in what neurotransmitters? A. Dopamine B. Norepinephrine C. Glutamate D. GABA

Correct answer: Glutamate Bipolar disorder is believed to be related to an increase in glutamate. Glutamate is an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter. While the exact connection between glutamate and bipolar disorder remains unclear, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies have found increased glutamate in those with bipolar disorder compared with healthy controls. Glutamate is also implicated in seizure disorders and schizophrenia.

In common psychiatric disorders, neurotransmitters are implicated in the complex pathophysiology of specific disease processes. It is important to understand neurotransmitters in the central nervous system to diagnose and treat common psychiatric illnesses better. Which neurotransmitter's general function involves memory and sustained autonomic functions? A. Dopamine B. Serotonin C. Glutamate D. Norepinephrine

Correct answer: Glutamate The general function of glutamate involves memory and sustained autonomic functions.

Which of the following amino acids is implicated in bipolar disorder, seizures, and schizophrenia? A. Aspartate B. Glycine C. Glutamate D. GABA

Correct answer: Glutamate -Glutamate is also known as the universal excitatory neurotransmitter and has been connected to bipolar disorder, seizures, mood imbalance, and schizophrenia. -Aspartate is another excitatory neurotransmitter and works in conjunction with glutamate. -GABA and glycine are inhibitory neurotransmitters.

Genes can account for differences in how individuals metabolize drugs. Genetic testing helps identify gene variants that may help determine the dosing of certain medications. Which of the following is an example of gene tests used in pharmacogenomics? A. HLA-B B. RNA C. Phenotype D. DNA

Correct answer: HLA-B The FDA requires testing for the HLA-B 1502 allele in people of Asian descent prior to prescribing carbamazepine due to the risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. DNA and mRNA are not tested. Phenotype is the physical expression of genetic make-up.

Calcium is a major cation in the body. Which of the following is not a function of calcium in the body? A. Helps regulate acid-base balance B. Is essential for hormone secretion C. Acts as an enzymatic cofactor for blood clotting D. Allows contraction of muscles

Correct answer: Helps regulate acid-base balance. >Not only is calcium a major cation for the structure of bones and teeth, but it is also an enzymatic cofactor for blood clotting. >It is required for hormone secretion, the function of cell receptors, plasma membrane stability and permeability, the transmission of nerve impulses, and the contraction of muscles. >Sodium helps regulate acid-base balance.

Each of the following is a true statement regarding the peripheral nervous system except: A. It includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems B.It is composed of the brain and the spinal cord C. It includes the cranial nerves just outside the brain stem D. It connects the central nervous system to receptors, muscles, and glands

Correct answer: It is composed of the brain and the spinal cord -The central nervous system is composed of the spinal cord and the brain, not the peripheral nervous system. -The peripheral nervous system is composed of the peripheral nerves that connect the central nervous system to receptors, muscles, and glands. -It also includes the cranial nerves just outside the brainstem and includes both the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

What term describes the process of neuronal membrane threshold sensitivity dysfunction? A. GABA deregulation B. Kindling C.Voltage-gated ion channel abnormalities D. Increased noradrenergic activity

Correct answer: Kindling -Kindling is the process of neuronal membrane threshold sensitivity dysfunction.

All of the following statements about psychotropic medications are true except: A. It takes approximately five half-lives to completely eliminate most psychotropics from the body B. Because most psychotropics are highly protein-bound, people with low albumin levels are at an increased risk of drug toxicity C. Most psychotropics are hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme inducers. D. Older adults have more body fat, putting them at increased risk for erratic blood levels of psychotropic medication.

Correct answer: Most psychotropics are hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme inducers Most psychotropic medications are hepatic cytochrome P450 inhibitors. Furthermore, most psychotropic medications are both lipophilic and highly protein-bound. Because many older adults have more body fat and less protein, they are at increased risk for toxicity. It takes approximately five half-lives to completely eliminate most psychotropics from the body.

A 29-year-old African American female was diagnosed with schizophrenia approximately three years ago. After many trials of antipsychotics, she was finally stabilized on haloperidol during the past six months. Three weeks ago, she began exhibiting mild pseudo-Parkinson's symptoms. Which class of medications would be most appropriate for treating these side effects? A. Muscarinic 1 antagonist B. Histamine 1 antagonist C. Alpha 1 adrenergic agonist D. Cholinesterase inhibitor

Correct answer: Muscarinic 1 antagonist >Extrapyramidal symptoms are drug-induced side effects that affect motor functioning and muscle movement. >Extrapyramidal symptoms are associated with a deficiency of dopamine and an excess of acetylcholine in the nigrostriatal pathway. >A common extrapyramidal symptom is pseudo-Parkinson's, which presents with a shuffling gait, motor slowing, mask-like facial expression, tremors, and muscle rigidity. >Muscarinic 1 antagonist medications reduce the effects of excess acetylcholine and relieve extrapyramidal symptoms.

Which neurotransmitter is matched correctly with its general function? A. Serotonin: reduces arousal, aggression, and anxiety B. Dopamine: sleep, pain, mood states, and temperature C. GABA: thinking, fine muscle action, and reward-seeking behavior D. Norepinephrine: alertness, focused attention, learning, and memory

Correct answer: Norepinephrine: alertness, focused attention, learning, and memory The neurotransmitters are matched with their correct functions below. Norepinephrine: alertness, focused attention, learning, and memory Dopamine: thinking, fine muscle action, and reward-seeking behavior GABA: reduces arousal, aggression, and anxiety Serotonin: regulates sleep, pain, mood states, and temperature

Which of the following disorders should the PMH-NP assess for when there is suspected disruption of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway? A. ADHD B. Parkinson's disease C. Hyperprolactinemia D. Low motivation

Correct answer: Parkinson's disease -Parkinson's disease results from a disruption of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. -When the transmission of dopamine is disrupted in the mesocorticolimbic pathway, disorders such as ADHD, addiction, and schizophrenia can result. -A disruption in the tuberoinfundibular pathway results in hyperprolactinemia. -Disruptions in the caudate nucleus dopaminergic pathway can create low motivation.

Which of the following correctly pairs the pharmacodynamic effect with its definition? A. Partial agonist effect: drug does not fully activate the receptors B. Inverse agonist effect: drug binds to receptors and activates a biological response C. Antagonist effect: drug causes the opposite effect of the agonist D. Agonist effect: drug binds to the receptor but does not activate a biological response

Correct answer: Partial agonist effect: drug does not fully activate the receptors >Psychiatric medications can cause four different pharmacodynamic effects on cell receptors. >Agonist effect: drug binds to receptors and activates a biological response >Inverse agonist effect: drug causes the opposite effect of the agonist >Partial agonist effect: drug does not fully activate the receptors >Antagonist effect: drug binds to the receptor but does not activate a biological response

Problems with the frontal lobe could lead to which of the following? A. Visual field defects B. Sensory-perceptual disturbances C. Personality changes D. Aphasia and amnesia

Correct answer: Personality changes -Problems with the frontal lobe can lead to personality, emotional, and intellectual changes. -Problems with the temporal lobe can lead to aphasia and amnesia. -Problems with the occipital lobe can lead to visual field defects. -Problems with the parietal lobe can lead to sensory-perceptual disturbances and agnosia.

Which term describes how genes account for the enzyme metabolization of drugs? A. Population genetics B. Pharmacogenomics C. Genetic testing D. Genetic counseling

Correct answer: Pharmacogenomics Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to a drug when it's ingested and paired with the individual's enzyme profile.

The cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for which of the following? A. Stabilizing somatic motor activity B. Mediating mood, fear, emotion, and aggression C. Converting short-term memory into long-term memory D. Receiving incoming sensory information from the thalamus

Correct answer: Receiving incoming sensory information from the thalamus >The cerebral cortex is responsible for receiving incoming sensory information from the thalamus. The limbic system's amygdala mediates mood, fear, emotion, and aggression. The limbic system's hippocampus converts short-term memory into long-term memory. The basal ganglia stabilize somatic motor activity.

What role does the hypothalamus play in regulation? A. Regulates the flow of sensory information to the cortex B. Regulates mood, fear, emotion, and aggression C. Regulates appetite, including sensations of hunger and thirst D. Regulates memory and converts short-term into long-term memory

Correct answer: Regulates appetite, including sensations of hunger and thirst >The hypothalamus is part of the limbic system. It plays a key role in various regulatory functions, including appetite, water balance, circadian rhythms, body temperature, and libido. >The hippocampus regulates memory and converts short-term into long-term memory. >The amygdala regulates mood, fear, emotion, and aggression. >The thalamus regulates the flow of sensory information to the cortex.

What symptoms would a patient exhibit if they were experiencing an excess of serotonin? A. Depression, sleep dysregulation, and loss of appetite B. Restlessness, agitation, myoclonus, and vital sign abnormalities C. Insensitivity to pain, catatonic movement, auditory hallucination, and decreased pleasure D. Euphoria, lack of inhibition, dry mouth, and blurred vision

Correct answer: Restlessness, agitation, myoclonus, and vital sign abnormalities

When assessing for genetic influences, the PHMNP understands which of the following about single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)? A. SNPs are the rarest type of genetic variation among humans B. Single-gene disorders are common C.To be classified as an SNP, the variant must be found in 10% of the population. D.SNPs detect single-base changes during the DNA-sequencing process.

Correct answer: SNPs detect single-base changes during the DNA-sequencing process >Single nucleotide polymorphisms detect single-base changes during DNA sequencing. >SNPs are the most common gene variant in the population and must occur in 1% of the population to be considered an SNP.

In common psychiatric disorders, neurotransmitters are implicated in the complex pathophysiology of specific disease processes. An increase in dopamine will cause an exacerbation of which disorder? A. Parkinson's disease B. Anhedonia C. Schizophrenia D.Bipolar affective disorder

Correct answer: Schizophrenia -In schizophrenia, the patient suffers from an increase in dopamine, which can result in psychotic symptoms and other symptoms associated with this illness. -In Parkinson's disease, there is a decrease in dopamine. -When a patient is suffering from anhedonia, there is also a decrease in dopamine. -In bipolar affective disorder, there is an increase in glutamate.

A 31-year-old male diagnosed with depression undergoes an fMRI. His test reveals increased activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Which class of medication aids in pyramidal cell functioning in the prefrontal cortex by preventing the excessive release of glutamate? A. Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs) B. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) C. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) D. Serotonin antagonist/reuptake inhibitors

Correct answer: Serotonin antagonist/reuptake inhibitors >Serotonin antagonist/reuptake inhibitors block 5HT2A receptors. This action inhibits glutamate release in the prefrontal cortex of the brain. >Neither SSRIs, SNRIs, nor NDRIs block 5HT2A receptors.

You are the nurse practitioner treating a 19-year-old female. During your initial assessment, the client complains of not sleeping well. You understand that disruptions in sleep patterns have an etiology in all of the following except: A. The client's gender predisposes her to insomnia B. The client endorses drinking coffee late at night to help her stay awake while studying for exams. C. Pituitary disorders such as a pituitary tumor D. The client has bipolar I with a recent manic episode requiring inpatient hospitalization and stabilization

Correct answer: The client's gender predisposes her to insomnia The etiology of insomnia is found in the following: Dysfunction in sleep-wake circuits of the brainstem Neurochemical imbalances impinging on these circuits Maybe stress-related in brief episodic insomnia

You are consulting on a patient in the ER with a history of major depression. The patient presents to the ER setting with complaints of an altered level of consciousness, agitation, tremors, chills, ataxia, headaches, and insomnia. You perform a thorough history with the help of the family member present. When you perform medication reconciliation, you suspect possible serotonin syndrome. What is the most likely finding leading you to suspect serotonin syndrome? A. The patient has a history of bipolar II disorder B. The family member states that the patient was recently involved in a major automobile accident and had surgery on his right arm. C. The family member endorses that the patient decided to help their depression by taking an herbal supplement along with Prozac. D. The patient recently went to a concert and admitted to trying LSD

Correct answer: The family member endorses that the patient decided to help their depression by taking an herbal supplement >Herbal supplements such as St. John's Wort are contraindicated as adjunctive therapy when taking an SSRI. Prozac is an SSRI. >Surgery is not a likely cause of serotonin syndrome. >Having a history of bipolar II disorder does not place the patient at risk for serotonin syndrome. >LSD is not directly linked to serotonin syndrome. Although this could be a culprit, it would require that the patient take LSD regularly and over a long period. In this situation, the patient tried LSD, and there is no indication that they chronically used it.

What is the primary purpose of the corpus callosum? A. To allow for multimodal sensory input and trigger memories B. Connect the right and left hemispheres and facilitate. sensorimotor information exchange C. To control voluntary motor movement, working memory, and behavioral cueing D. To coordinate the movement of multiple muscles

Correct answer: To connect the right and left hemispheres and facilitate sensorimotor information exchange -The corpus callosum is a large bundle of white matter that connects the right and left hemispheres and provides an area of sensorimotor information exchange.

The neuron comprises three parts: cell body, axon, and dendrite. What is the role of the axon? A. Collects incoming signals from other neurons and sends the signals toward the neuron's cell body B. Transmits signals away from the neuron's cell body to connect with other neurons and cells C. Conveys information from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles D. Maintains and restores energy by inhibiting the activity of organs

Correct answer: Transmits signals away from the neuron's cell body to connect with other neurons and cells. >The neuron comprises three parts: cell body, axon, and dendrite. >The axon transmits signals away from the neuron's cell body to connect with other neurons and cells. >The dendrite collects incoming signals from other neurons and sends the signals toward the neuron's cell body.

The neuron comprises three parts: cell body, axon, and dendrite. What is the role of the axon? A. Maintains and restores energy by inhibiting the activity of organs B. Transmits signals away from the neuron's cell body to connect with other neurons and cells C. Collects incoming signals from other neurons and sends the signals toward the neuron's cell body D. Conveys information from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles

Correct answer: Transmits signals away from the neuron's cell body to connect with other neurons and cells. >The neuron comprises three parts: cell body, axon, and dendrite. >The axon transmits signals away from the neuron's cell body to connect with other neurons and cells. >The dendrite collects incoming signals from other neurons and sends the signals toward the neuron's cell body.

DNA comprises:

DNA comprises two twisted, paired strands of sugars linked by nucleotide bases.

Which neurotransmitter's general function is thinking, fine muscle action, and reward-seeking behavior?

Dopamine: thinking, fine muscle action, and reward-seeking behavior

Which neurotransmitter's general function is to reduce arousal, aggression, and anxiety?

GABA: reduces arousal, aggression, and anxiety Serotonin: regulates sleep, pain, mood states, and temperature

Genetic counseling is for

Genetic counseling is for families who have familial psychiatric illnesses and are thinking of having a child.

Genetic testing or profiling helps

Genetic testing or profiling helps identify gene variants that may determine medication dosing. Genetic testing consists of bloodwork to determine the presence or absence of certain genes.

A disruption in the tuberoinfundibular pathway results in:

Hyperprolactinemia.

In common psychiatric disorders, neurotransmitters are implicated in the complex pathophysiology of specific disease processes. A increase in glutamate will cause an exacerbation of which disorder?

In bipolar affective disorder, there is an increase in glutamate.

Psychiatric medications can cause four different pharmacodynamic effects on cell receptors. Inverse agonist effect:

Inverse agonist effect: drug causes the opposite effect of the agonist

Disruptions in the caudate nucleus dopaminergic pathway can create:

Low motivation.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) codes for

Messenger RNA (mRNA) codes for an amino acid.

Which neurotransmitter's general function is alertness, focused attention, learning, and memory?

Norepinephrine: alertness, focused attention, learning, and memory

Psychiatric medications can cause four different pharmacodynamic effects on cell receptors. A partial agonist effect:

Partial agonist effect: drug does not fully activate the receptors

A patient suffering from anxiety disorder presents with an increase or decrease in gamma-aminobutyric acid, or GABA

Patients suffering from anxiety disorders present with a decrease in gamma-aminobutyric acid, or GABA

A patient suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder presents with and increase or decrease in serotonin activity?

Patients suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorders present with a decrease in serotonin activity.

Patient suffering from psychosis and schizophrenia presents with an increase or decrease in dopamine

Patients suffering from psychosis and schizophrenia present with an increase in dopamine activity.

Patients with a serotonin deficit would present with:

Patients with a serotonin deficit would present with depression, sleep dysregulation, and loss of appetite.

Pharmacokinetics describes

Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to a drug when ingested and paired with the individual's enzyme profile.

Phenotype is the physical expression of genetic makeup.

Phenotype is the physical expression of genetic makeup.

Psychiatric medications can cause four different pharmacodynamic effects on cell receptors. Agonist effect causes?:

Psychiatric medications can cause four different pharmacodynamic effects on cell receptors. -Agonist effect: drug binds to receptors and activates a biological response

Which neurotransmitter's general function is to regulate sleep, pain, mood states, and temperature?

Serotonin: regulates sleep, pain, mood states, and temperature

The amygdala is located in the temporal lobe and processes

The amygdala is located in the temporal lobe and processes memory and emotional responses.

The basal ganglia stabilize

The basal ganglia stabilize somatic motor activity.

The brain is divided into 52 subdivisions called

The brain is divided into 52 subdivisions called Broadman's areas.

The limbic system's amygdala mediates:

The limbic system's amygdala mediates mood, fear, emotion, and aggression.

The limbic system's hippocampus converts:

The limbic system's hippocampus converts short-term memory into long-term memory.

As a nurse practitioner, you are responsible for assessing cranial nerves as a part of the neurological exam. What cranial nerve assessment tests for the tactile perception of the facial skin? A. The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) B. The facial nerve (CN VII) C. Olfactory nerve (CN I) D. Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Trigeminal nerve (CN V) The trigeminal nerve is the largest cranial nerve and has both motor and sensory functions. Its motor functions help a person to chew and clench the teeth and give sensation to muscles in the ear's tympanic membrane. This test is performed by touching the face and corneal reflex of the eye with a wisp of cotton and pin-pricking the skin and mucosa to test touch.

Wernicke's area is associated with

Wernicke's area is associated with comprehension.