Chapter 5 - Nutrition (Exam 2)

disaccharide

A _____ is a simple sugar that has 2 monosaccharides linked (bonded) together

condensation

A ______ reaction is where 2 molecules bond to form a larger molecule, releasing water in the process

water

A condensation reaction is where 2 molecules bond to form a larger molecule, releasing _____ in the process

sucrose

A tablespoon of white sugar is almost 100% ______

nonnutritive

According to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, ________ sweeteners are safe when consumed "within acceptable daily intakes, even during pregnancy"

fiber

B/c _____ isn't digested, it moves through the intestinal tract and contributes to the residue that's eventually eliminated in feces

diarrhea

B/c sugar alcohols are incompletely absorbed; the alternative sweeteners may cause _____ when consumed

colon

Beano has the enzyme (alpha-galactosidase) that breaks down oligosaccharides, so fewer reach the _____ to be metabolized by bacteria

energy

Carbohydrates is a major source of ____ for cells

identity

Cell membranes have carbs that signal the cell's ______ to other cells

calorie

Consumers need to recognize that most "sugar-free" or "diabetic" foods are not ______ free

4

Each gram of a mono-or disaccharide supplies __ kcal

safe

Saccharin is ____ when consumed in amounts that are less than 9 packets of saccharin-containing packets/day

glucose

Starch & glycogen are polysaccharides that contain hundreds of ______ molecules bound together into large, chainlike structures

resists

Sucralose ____ destruction by heat

nondigestible

Sucralose made from a molecule have sucrose has been chemically modified to become _______

glycogen

The human body stores limited amounts of glucose as _______

polysaccharides

The most common dietary _________ include digestible and nondigestible forms

ose

The names of carbs, particularly sugars, end in -_____

condensation

disaccharides form as a result of _______ reactions

no

do sugar alcohols promote dental decay?

4

each gram of starch supplies __ kcal

raffinose, stachyose

food sources of ______ & ______ include onions, bruseels sprouts, cabbage, broccoli, legumes, whole grains

glucose

fructose tastes sweeter than _______

lactose

galactose is needed as a component of _____

dextrose

glucose is also called ____

blood

glucose may be referred to as _____ sugar

1,2,1

glucose, fructose, galactose all contain carbon hydrogen and oxygen in what ratio? __ carbon: __ hydrogen: __ oxygen

plants

starch is a storage polysaccharide in _______

sucrose

table sugar =

fructose

the body has little need for _____

diabetes, heart disease

the excess calories from HFCS can contribute to an increased risk for _____ and _______

starch

these foods are rich sources of _____ -bread, and cereal products made from wheat, rice, barley, oats; veggies such as corn, squash, beans and peas; tubers such as potatoes, yams, taro, cassava, jicama

false

true/false: honey is nutritionally superior to table sugar

simple, complex

what are the 2 categories of carbs

soluble, insoluble

what are the 2 types of dietary fiber?

aspartame

______ breaks down when heated

lactose

______ forms when a galactose molecule binds to a glucose molecule

fructose, galactose

______ have the same chemical formula as glucose

starch

______ is composed of amylose and amylopectin

fructose

______ is naturally found in fruit, honey, few veggies (cabbage, green beans, asparagus)

lignin

______ is the only type of fiber that's not a carb

amylose

_______ = a linear chain of glucose molecules

raffinose

_______ = nondigestible oligosaccharide made of 3 monosaccharides

alternative sweeteners

_______ are also referred to as sugar substitutes or "artificial" sweeteners

sucrose

_______ consists of a molecule of glucose and one of fructose

maltose

_______ has 2 glucose molecules bound together

aspartame

_______ has been blamed for causing a variety of health problems -cancer, immune system disease, chronic headaches

glycogen

_______ is highly branched storage polysaccharide in animals

sucrose

_______ naturally occurs in honey, maple syrup, carrots, and pineapples

sucralose

_______ sweetens foods and beverages w/o increasing their caloric value

polysaccharides

________ are complex carbs comprised of more than 10 monosaccharides bonded together

aspartame

________ consists of phenylalanine and aspartic acid, 2 amino acids

complex carbs

________ have 3 or more monosaccharides bonded together

added sugars

________, such as sucrose and HFCS (similar to sucrose) are widely incorporated into foods during processing or preparation

nutritive sweeteners

_________ are substances that sweeten & contribute energy to foods

Oligosaccharides

__________ are complex carbs comprised of 3 to 10 monosaccharides

Alternative sweeteners

___________ (also referred to as sugar substitutes or "artificial" sweeteners) are substances added to food that sweeten the item while provided few or no kcal

nonnutritive sweeteners

___________ are a group of synthetic compounds that elicit an intensely sweet taste when compared to the same amount of sugar

lactose

milk sugar =

sugar

monosaccharide is the simplest ____

sucrose

much of the _____ in the American diet is refined from sugar cane and sugar beets

no

nonnutritive sweeteners provide __ energy/serving

starch

plants store glucose as ______

toxic

table sugar doesn't contain ____ substances

maltose, sucrose, lactose

what are the 3 major dietary disaccharides

raffinose, stachyose

what are the most common oligosaccharides in foods?

C6H12O6

what is the chemical formula for glucose

glucose

what is the most important monosaccharide in the body?

muscles, liver

where are major sites for glycogen formation & storage?

caloric

Consumption of foods and beverages sweetened w/ either HFCS or table sugar is associated w/ excess ____ intake

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Plants make carbs by using the sun's energy to combine _____, ______, and _____ atoms from carbon dioxide and water

tubers

Plants store glucose as starch - In their seeds, roots, stems called ______

mucins

Saliva, mucus, and the fluid that lubricates skeletal joints contain ______, a class of carbs, that are chemically associated with proteins

granulated

Since refined sucrose is known as junk food, manufacturers use creative names like "_______ cane juice" to disguise the presence of table sugar in the ingredient list

bonds

Some of the energy from the sun is transferred to the ____ that hold the carbon and hydrogen atoms together

starches

Sports drinks and sports/energy bars include modified ________ such as maltodextrin and dextrin

2

Sugar alcohols aren't fully absorbed by the intestinal tract, and as a result, they supply an average of __ kcal/g

energy

Sugars are nutritive sweeteners b/c they contribute _____ to foods

carbs

Plants are rich sources of ______

sugar alcohols

Alternative nutritive sweeteners include ________: sorbital, xylitol, and mannitol

glycogen

Although muscles contain glycogen, most animal foods (red meat, the flesh/muscle of fish and poultry) are not sources of this complex carb b/c muscle _________ breaks down soon after an animal dies

high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)

Food manufacturers use large amounts of ____________ as a food additive

sucrose

Food manufacturers use sugar alcohols to replace _____ in products such as sugar-free gum, sugar-free mints, sugar-free candies

corn

Fructose tastes sweeter than glucose and is easily obtained from the processing of ____

glucose

Fruits and veggies (berries, grapes, corn, carrots) are good food sources of ______

muscle

Glucose is the most important monosaccharide in the body because it's a primary fuel for _____ cells and other cells

insignificant

Honey contains more protein and micronutrients but the amounts are _____

work

Human cells release that energy from the sun and use it to power forms of cellular _____ -muscle contraction, bone formation, hormone synthesis

oligosaccharides

Human digestive enzymes don't readily break down _________, so most of these carbs pass through the stomach and small intestine intact

high

If one of the nutritive sweeteners is the 1st or 2nd ingredient listed on a product's label, the food probably contains a ___ amount of added sugar

fiber

In addition to storing energy as starch, plants use complex carbs to make supportive structures and protective seed coats that contribute to the _____ content of the diet

large intestine

In the ________, bacteria can use oligosaccharides as a source of energy

store

Plants & animals use complex carbs to _______ energy or make certain structural components such as stems and leaves

energy

In the large intestine, bacteria can use oligosaccharides as a source of ______

gas, bloating

In the large intestine, bacteria can use oligosaccharides as a source of energy -producing ____, ____

sugars

Milk, blood and DNA contain specific kinds of ______

dietary fiber ("fiber")

Most forms of _______ are complex carbs comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that humans can't digest -most types are polysaccharides

monosaccharides

Most forms of dietary fiber ("fiber") are complex carbs comprised of _________ connected by bonds that humans can't digest

protein, fat, vitamins, minerals

None of the sweeteners is a good source of _____, ____, _____, or ______

carbohydrates

The pleasant and sometimes irresistible taste of sugar is a clue that the food contains _______

glucose

Under normal conditions, red blood cells, brain and other nervous system cells burn ______ for energy

monosaccharide

What is the basic unit of carbs

sugar

_____ also serves as a preservative by inhibiting the growth of molds and bacteria that would otherwise cause food spoilage

glucose, fat

cells can convert fructose into _____ or _____

carbs

certain _____ serve as the "glue" that holds cells together in tissues

corn

high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is obtained from the processing of ____

no

is galactose commonly found in foods?

yes

is sucralose better for sweetening backed products than aspartame?

no

is there conclusive evidence that consuming HFCS is more detrimental to health than consuming regular table sugar?

maltose

malt sugar =

Acceptable Daily Intakes (ADIs)

A group of international health & safety organizations, including the FDA have established ___________ for certain nonnutritive sweeteners

fiber

Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, gums, mucilages are carb forms of ______

amylopectin

______ = a branched chain of glucose molecules

vitamins, minerals

The refining process strips away the small amounts of _____ and _____ in sugar cane and sugar beets

glucose, fructose, galactose

The three most important dietary monosaccharides are _____, ______, ______

oligosaccharides

To reduce flatulence (gas) people can take a product before a mean containing _______ such as Beano

stachyose

______ = nondigestible oligosaccharide made of 4 monosaccharides

small

_____ amounts of nonnutritive sweeteners are need to sweeten a food

honey

_____ can contain spores (inactive life stage) of the deadly bacterium clostridium botulinum

glucose

_____ is a sugar containing 6 carbons

lactose

_____ is the form of carbohydrate in milk