Chapter 5 : Quiz 6 for exam 2

The amplitude of light waves is associated with our experience of ___1___ or ___2___ of color, with larger amplitudes appearing ___3___.

1. brightness 2. intensity 3. brighter

In the auditory system, a sound's ___1___ is associated with pitch, and its ___2___ is associated with loudness.

1. frequency 2. amplitude

What creates the blind spot?

lack of receptors (rods or cones) where the optic nerve and blood vessels leave the eye

Wavelength

length of a wave from one peak to the next peak

In a person whose eyes work in the usual fashion, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________.

lens; fovea

opponent-process theory

opposing retinal processes enable color vision. Ex: some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?

optic

perceptual constancy

perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change

If you watch a flock of birds flying overhead, each very close to the next one, you may perceive them as all being part of the same group. If they were all spaced very much apart, however, you may see them as individual birds not flying together. This distinction takes advantage of which Gestalt principle?

proximity

characteristics of light intensity

red is associated with longer wavelengths, greens are intermediate, and blues and violets are shorter in wavelength

Nikki was walking around a department store shopping one day, and did not realize that the shirt she was wearing looked just like the shirts worn by employees. When a stranger asked, "do you work here," she thought it was funny. The other customers' assumption that Nikki was a store employee demonstrates the Gestalt principle of _______.

similarity

Some neurons can only generate action potentials up to a certain speed, and no faster. This fact is a limitation of the ________ theory of pitch perception.

temporal

Which of these is not one of the structures that comprise the outer ear? A) the basilar membrane B) the pinna C) the auditory canal D) the eardrum

the basilar membrane

difference threshold

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time

absolute threshold

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time

Frequency

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

gate-control theory

the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain

trichromatic theory

theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: red, blue, and green

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge and expectancies?

top-down

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.

transduction

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?

Afterimage

Amplitude

Distance from the centerline to the top point of the crest or the bottom point of the trough.

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages?

In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.

What is the process for sensation?

Light enters eyes, cells relay message 1st - reception: sensory receptors detect the presence of a stimulus 2nd - transduction: conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential 3rd - transmission: neural impulses leave sensory organs and travel to the brain

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

Perception; sensation

Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example?

binocular disparity

Your friends and yourself are sitting in a crowded noisy restaurant. Then the sound of breaking glass and the clang of metal pans hitting the floor rings out and captures your attention. That attentional capture would be caused by the sound from the environment. What type of perception process is shown in the example above?

bottom-up

What is the process for perception?

bottom-up: System in which perceptions are built from sensory input top-down: interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts

When a child works on a "connect the dots" puzzle, she can often see the completed work before she has finished all of the dots. Once there is enough visual information present, she's able to perceive the completed picture even though it is still incomplete. Which Gestalt principle does this demonstrate?

closure

Light waves are first transmitted through the ________ at the front of the eye and enter an opening called the ________ before shining onto the retina.

cornea; pupil

One principle of civil engineering is that when you design a highway you should have traffic flow in the same direction and avoid interruptions to that flow as much as possible. Exit ramps tend to be curved so that cars don't have to stop rather than having 90-degree angles that force stops and starts. This is an application of which Gestalt principle?

good continuation

why acuity is greatest in the fovea?

high concentration of cone cells that is responsible for high-acuity vision.

________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds.

higher; louder

Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it. This research protocol demonstrates which concept?

inattentional blindness

Which school of thinking in psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, the law of continuity, and the principle of closure? A) Ruffinian B) Gestalt C) Pacinian D) Humanistic

B) Gestalt

________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives, and is a distance cue that allows us to perceive the depth of a given visual stimulus.

Binocular

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

Cones

dark adaptation

The process in which the eyes become more sensitive to light in low illumination.

Imagine yourself in a dark classroom reading PowerPoint slides. If an audience member were to check the internet using her cell phone and causing her screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the classroom. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit classroom during a discussion, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination varies dramatically between the two contexts. This is an example of ________.

Weber's law