Chapter 5 Smartbook
Ultimately, all of the epidermal cells originate from ______.
Stem cells in the stratum basale
The epidermis is comprised of layers called _______.
Strata
Subcutaneous tissue contains of all of the following EXCEPT ______.
Stratified squamous epithelial tissue
All epidermal cells originate from stem cells located within the _______.
Stratum basale
Indicate the layer of the epidermis with the highest rate of mitotic division.
Stratum basale
The deepest layer of the epidermis is the ______.
Stratum basale
Which of the layers of the epidermis produces new keratinocytes and melanin?
Stratum basale
The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the ______.
Stratum corneum
All of the following structures provide support or strength to the stratum basale EXCEPT ______.
Lamellar bodies
By the fifth or sixth month of fetal development, delicate, unpigmented hair called has developed and covers the fetus.
Lanugo
In humans, which of the following locations do not typically have hair? Select all that apply.
Lips, palms of hands and soles of feet, and nipples
Select the major glands of the skin.
Sweat and sebaceous
Indicate the analogy that best represents the structure and role of the subcutaneous tissue.
The subcutaneous tissue is like the foundation of a house.
Describe a hair bulb.
The swollen base of a hair found in the dermis or cutaneous tissue
The layer of the epidermis resting directly upon the dermis is the stratum.
basale
In skin subjected to friction or pressure, the number of layers in the stratum corneum greatly increases to produce a thickened area called a(n) .
callus
In humans, palmar and plantar surfaces of the hands and feet typically ______.
Do not have hair
If your patient had very low levels of vitamin D, what would you expect to find?
A higher than normal concentration of calcium in the urine and a lower than normal concentration of calcium and phosphate in the blood
The sweat glands are considered _______ skin structures.
Accessory
Two methods used by the skin to help decrease body temperature are _____ and ______.
Activating sweat glands, dilating dermal blood vessels
The primary determinant for skin color is the _______, not the _______.
Amount of melanin, number of melanocytes
Two types of sweat glands
Apocrine and eccrine
The highest rate of cell division in the epidermis occurs within the stratum.
Basale
List the strata of the epidermis from the deepest layer to the most superficial.
Basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum
Consider both vellus and terminal hair. Name a characteristic they share.
Both are present on adults.
An injury to tissue caused by heat, cold, friction, or electricity would be categorized as a _______.
Burn
The cells in the most superficial layer of the skin are dead because _______.
Cells die as they move away from their nutrient supply in the dermis
The tympanic membrane is protected from the entry of dirt and small insects into the ear canal by the presence of and hairs.
Cerumen
The dermis contains receptors that detect ______. Select all that apply.
Changes in pressure, touch , variations in temperature, and pain
Select the statements that describe calluses.
Develop in areas subject to heavy friction or pressure and are localized thickenings in the stratum corneum
What are the three concentric regions of the hair from the outside to the inside?
Cuticle, cortex, and medulla
Describe lanugo
Delicate, unpigmented hair that covers the fetus during development
Cells in the stratum spinosum are nourished by blood vessels located in the ______.
Dermis
Keratinocytes are the most numerous cells found in the ______.
Epidermis
The most superficial layer of skin is the _____.
Epidermis
The layers of the skin include the ______ which is the most superficial and the ______ which is deeper.
Epidermis, dermis
When body temperature starts to rise above normal, the eccrine sweat glands produce sweat which:
Evaporates and cools the body
Indicate the functions of the sweat produced by the eccrine glands of the skin.
Evaporative cooling of the body and waste elimination
Select the factors that influence hair color.
Genetics, melanin deposition, and melanocyte activity
All are excreted by the skin except ______.
Glucose
Most sebaceous glands open into.
Hair follicles
Identify the components of the integumentary system. Select all that apply.
Hair, nail, skin, and cutaneous glands
An individual that has a higher deposition of melanin in the skin would most likely ____.
Have darker skin
The structures that anchor the epidermis to the basement membrane, providing structural support, are _______.
Hemidesmosomes
The effects of aging on the skin include all of the following except ______.
Increases in sebaceous gland activity
The skin, its accessory glands, and hair are all part of the ______ system.
Integumentary
Thermoregulation, sensory reception, vitamin D production and protection are all functions of the ______.
Integumentary system
Keratin, a protein associated with the skin, is produced by ______.
Keratinocytes
The epidermal cells that produce a protein that increases the durability of the skin are ______.
Keratinocytes
The majority of cells found in the epidermis are ______.
Keratinocytes
At the center of each hair is a loosely arranged core of cells and air spaces. This region is called the ______.
Medulla
The center of the hair is called.
Medulla
The deposition of which of the following substances is primarily responsible for the color of the skin, hair and eyes?
Melanin
Select the statements that are true of the stratum basale but not of any other layer of the epidermis.
Melanin is produced only in this layer, the cells of the stratum basale are bound to the basement membrane with hemidesmosomes,and the keratinocytes of the stratum basale have the highest rate of mitotic division when compared to any other layer of the epidermis.
Indicate which statement about melanocytes and melanin is true.
Melanocyte activity determines hair color
Which cells produce the brown to black pigment found in skin?
Melanocytes
Identify the properties that help the skin prevent microorganisms and other foreign substances from entering the body. Select all that apply.
Multiple layers of dead cells make it difficult for pathogens to enter, the lack of blood vessels in the epidermis limits access to central circulation, and secretions from skin glands produce an environment unsuitable for some microorganisms
Identify the accessory skin structures. Select all that apply.
Nails, sweat glands, and hair
Select all of the components of the dermis.
Nerve fibers, fibers, blood vessels, and glands
Indicate the changes in skin that occur with age. Select all that apply.
Normal elastic fibers are replaced by an interwoven mat of thick, elastic-like material, the ability to regulate body temperature decreases due to a decrease in blood flow to the dermis and reduced sweat gland activity, and the number of functioning melanocytes generally decreases
Sebaceous glands produce secretion that is characterized as which of the following?
Oily
The functions of vitamin D include ______. Select all that apply.
Reducing calcium loss from the kidneys, promoting calcium and phosphate release from bones, and stimulating the uptake of calcium and phosphate from the intestines
Indicate the statements that describe the function of sebum.
Protects against some bacteria and prevents the drying of the skin surface
Indicate the statements that apply to cerumen. Select all that apply.
Protects the tympanic membrane amd prevents the entry of dirt and insects
One of the most important functions of melanin is to ______.
Provide protection against ultraviolet light from the sun
The medulla contains
Soft keratin
Select the terms that describe the major regions of a hair. Select all that apply.
Shaft, root, and bulb
Muscle contraction during exercise increases body temperature which leads to the release of body heat via ______.
The dilation of blood vessels in the dermis
Variations in skin color are determined by ______.
The distribution of melanosomes and the amount of melanin produced
Identify the functions of the integumentary system.
Thermoregulation, sensation of environmental stimuli, and resistance to infection
Identify substances that are excreted through the skin. Select all that apply.
Uric acid, ammonia, and urea
Near the time of birth, lanugo hair is replaced by _____ hairs which are short, fine, and usually unpigmented, and _____ hairs which are typically long, coarse, and pigmented.
Vellus, terminal
Touch receptors of the skin are located in all of these areas, except ______.
Within the hair of the dermis and epidermis
The causes of burns include ______. Select all that apply.
exposure to extreme temperature, exposure to chemicals, and exposure to radiation
Sebaceous glands may best be described as _____.
holocrine glands that usually duct into the hair follicle
Skin features that help to protect the body from microorganisms include ______. Select all that apply.
presence of components of the immune system, secretions of sebaceous glands, and stratified epithelial tissue
Glands in the skin designated as eccrine or apocrine glands are types of glands.
sweat