Chapter 5 Smartbook

Ultimately, all of the epidermal cells originate from ______.

Stem cells in the stratum basale

The epidermis is comprised of layers called _______.

Strata

Subcutaneous tissue contains of all of the following EXCEPT ______.

Stratified squamous epithelial tissue

All epidermal cells originate from stem cells located within the _______.

Stratum basale

Indicate the layer of the epidermis with the highest rate of mitotic division.

Stratum basale

The deepest layer of the epidermis is the ______.

Stratum basale

Which of the layers of the epidermis produces new keratinocytes and melanin?

Stratum basale

The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the ______.

Stratum corneum

All of the following structures provide support or strength to the stratum basale EXCEPT ______.

Lamellar bodies

By the fifth or sixth month of fetal development, delicate, unpigmented hair called has developed and covers the fetus.

Lanugo

In humans, which of the following locations do not typically have hair? Select all that apply.

Lips, palms of hands and soles of feet, and nipples

Select the major glands of the skin.

Sweat and sebaceous

Indicate the analogy that best represents the structure and role of the subcutaneous tissue.

The subcutaneous tissue is like the foundation of a house.

Describe a hair bulb.

The swollen base of a hair found in the dermis or cutaneous tissue

The layer of the epidermis resting directly upon the dermis is the stratum.

basale

In skin subjected to friction or pressure, the number of layers in the stratum corneum greatly increases to produce a thickened area called a(n) .

callus

In humans, palmar and plantar surfaces of the hands and feet typically ______.

Do not have hair

If your patient had very low levels of vitamin D, what would you expect to find?

A higher than normal concentration of calcium in the urine and a lower than normal concentration of calcium and phosphate in the blood

The sweat glands are considered _______ skin structures.

Accessory

Two methods used by the skin to help decrease body temperature are _____ and ______.

Activating sweat glands, dilating dermal blood vessels

The primary determinant for skin color is the _______, not the _______.

Amount of melanin, number of melanocytes

Two types of sweat glands

Apocrine and eccrine

The highest rate of cell division in the epidermis occurs within the stratum.

Basale

List the strata of the epidermis from the deepest layer to the most superficial.

Basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum

Consider both vellus and terminal hair. Name a characteristic they share.

Both are present on adults.

An injury to tissue caused by heat, cold, friction, or electricity would be categorized as a _______.

Burn

The cells in the most superficial layer of the skin are dead because _______.

Cells die as they move away from their nutrient supply in the dermis

The tympanic membrane is protected from the entry of dirt and small insects into the ear canal by the presence of and hairs.

Cerumen

The dermis contains receptors that detect ______. Select all that apply.

Changes in pressure, touch , variations in temperature, and pain

Select the statements that describe calluses.

Develop in areas subject to heavy friction or pressure and are localized thickenings in the stratum corneum

What are the three concentric regions of the hair from the outside to the inside?

Cuticle, cortex, and medulla

Describe lanugo

Delicate, unpigmented hair that covers the fetus during development

Cells in the stratum spinosum are nourished by blood vessels located in the ______.

Dermis

Keratinocytes are the most numerous cells found in the ______.

Epidermis

The most superficial layer of skin is the _____.

Epidermis

The layers of the skin include the ______ which is the most superficial and the ______ which is deeper.

Epidermis, dermis

When body temperature starts to rise above normal, the eccrine sweat glands produce sweat which:

Evaporates and cools the body

Indicate the functions of the sweat produced by the eccrine glands of the skin.

Evaporative cooling of the body and waste elimination

Select the factors that influence hair color.

Genetics, melanin deposition, and melanocyte activity

All are excreted by the skin except ______.

Glucose

Most sebaceous glands open into.

Hair follicles

Identify the components of the integumentary system. Select all that apply.

Hair, nail, skin, and cutaneous glands

An individual that has a higher deposition of melanin in the skin would most likely ____.

Have darker skin

The structures that anchor the epidermis to the basement membrane, providing structural support, are _______.

Hemidesmosomes

The effects of aging on the skin include all of the following except ______.

Increases in sebaceous gland activity

The skin, its accessory glands, and hair are all part of the ______ system.

Integumentary

Thermoregulation, sensory reception, vitamin D production and protection are all functions of the ______.

Integumentary system

Keratin, a protein associated with the skin, is produced by ______.

Keratinocytes

The epidermal cells that produce a protein that increases the durability of the skin are ______.

Keratinocytes

The majority of cells found in the epidermis are ______.

Keratinocytes

At the center of each hair is a loosely arranged core of cells and air spaces. This region is called the ______.

Medulla

The center of the hair is called.

Medulla

The deposition of which of the following substances is primarily responsible for the color of the skin, hair and eyes?

Melanin

Select the statements that are true of the stratum basale but not of any other layer of the epidermis.

Melanin is produced only in this layer, the cells of the stratum basale are bound to the basement membrane with hemidesmosomes,and the keratinocytes of the stratum basale have the highest rate of mitotic division when compared to any other layer of the epidermis.

Indicate which statement about melanocytes and melanin is true.

Melanocyte activity determines hair color

Which cells produce the brown to black pigment found in skin?

Melanocytes

Identify the properties that help the skin prevent microorganisms and other foreign substances from entering the body. Select all that apply.

Multiple layers of dead cells make it difficult for pathogens to enter, the lack of blood vessels in the epidermis limits access to central circulation, and secretions from skin glands produce an environment unsuitable for some microorganisms

Identify the accessory skin structures. Select all that apply.

Nails, sweat glands, and hair

Select all of the components of the dermis.

Nerve fibers, fibers, blood vessels, and glands

Indicate the changes in skin that occur with age. Select all that apply.

Normal elastic fibers are replaced by an interwoven mat of thick, elastic-like material, the ability to regulate body temperature decreases due to a decrease in blood flow to the dermis and reduced sweat gland activity, and the number of functioning melanocytes generally decreases

Sebaceous glands produce secretion that is characterized as which of the following?

Oily

The functions of vitamin D include ______. Select all that apply.

Reducing calcium loss from the kidneys, promoting calcium and phosphate release from bones, and stimulating the uptake of calcium and phosphate from the intestines

Indicate the statements that describe the function of sebum.

Protects against some bacteria and prevents the drying of the skin surface

Indicate the statements that apply to cerumen. Select all that apply.

Protects the tympanic membrane amd prevents the entry of dirt and insects

One of the most important functions of melanin is to ______.

Provide protection against ultraviolet light from the sun

The medulla contains

Soft keratin

Select the terms that describe the major regions of a hair. Select all that apply.

Shaft, root, and bulb

Muscle contraction during exercise increases body temperature which leads to the release of body heat via ______.

The dilation of blood vessels in the dermis

Variations in skin color are determined by ______.

The distribution of melanosomes and the amount of melanin produced

Identify the functions of the integumentary system.

Thermoregulation, sensation of environmental stimuli, and resistance to infection

Identify substances that are excreted through the skin. Select all that apply.

Uric acid, ammonia, and urea

Near the time of birth, lanugo hair is replaced by _____ hairs which are short, fine, and usually unpigmented, and _____ hairs which are typically long, coarse, and pigmented.

Vellus, terminal

Touch receptors of the skin are located in all of these areas, except ______.

Within the hair of the dermis and epidermis

The causes of burns include ______. Select all that apply.

exposure to extreme temperature, exposure to chemicals, and exposure to radiation

Sebaceous glands may best be described as _____.

holocrine glands that usually duct into the hair follicle

Skin features that help to protect the body from microorganisms include ______. Select all that apply.

presence of components of the immune system, secretions of sebaceous glands, and stratified epithelial tissue

Glands in the skin designated as eccrine or apocrine glands are types of glands.

sweat