Chapter 5
Tools and weapons social unit
Hunting gathering
Social inequality highest
Agrarian
Used technologies of large scale farming
Agrarian
True
Although all jobs play some burden on our feelings, emotional labor occurs only in jobs that require personal contact with the public or the production of a state of mind (such as hoped, desire, or fear) in others
True
And hunting and gathering societies, the basic social unit is the kinship group or family
She's Mexican American
Ascribed, involuntary
Status is at birth
Ascribed, voluntary
True
Conflict theorists maintained that and capitalistic society's, or few people control the labor of mini, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination among categories of people (for example, owner-worker and employer-employee)
Go through motions
Distancing
Organic solidarity
Emile Durkheim's term for the social cohesion found in industrial (and perhaps postindustrial) societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence.
Mechanical solidarity
Emile Durkheim's term for the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.
False
Emile durkheim argues that "homelessness is a social class phenomenon, the direct result of a steady, across-the-board lowering of the standard of living of the working class and lower class"
True
Facial expressions, especially smiles, reflect gender-based patterns of dominance insubordination and society
True
Family, economy, education, religion, and mass media are all examples of social institutions
True
Homeless people have lost a vital link with societal structures. Social structures are essential for the survival of society and for the well-being of individuals because they provide a social web of familial support and social relationships that connects each of us of the larger society
Division of labor increases as food supply grows
Horticulture
False
Horticulture and pastoral societies are more Egalitarian then hunting and gathering societies
True
In argrarian societies, politics is based on a feudal system control by political economic a white made up of the ruler, his royal family, and members of the land owning classes
True
In gemeinschaft Societies such as the United States, a prevailing core value is that people should be able to take care of themselves
Societies based on technology
Industrial
Most important occupied
Master
True
President Barack Obama occupied various statuses, including statuses as an African-American, husband, and a father. However, Obama status as the president of United States functions as a master status
Family close friends and school
Primary
Small group
Primary
Two or more statuses
Role conflict
Occur when people disengage
Role exit, divorce
True
Role strain occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies
Large more specialized
Secondary
True
Set of symbols are material signs that inform others of a person specific status
Group consist of two or more
Social
Organized beliefs
Social institution
False
Social institutions are transformed by industrialism. The family increases and significance as the economy, education, and political institutions grow in size and complexity
True
Social structure is essential for survival of society and for the well-being of individuals because it provides a social web of familial support and social relationships that connects each of us to the larger society
False
Sociologist emile durkheim stated that as societies become industrialize and developed more special as economic activities, social solidarity came to be rooted in the members share dependence on one another
Joe is a student
Status set
Wedding ring
Status symbol
A physician
Strain
Two or more built in
Strain
Methods and tools available
Technology
False
The term "status" refers to high level positions in society
Family
Traditional
False
Women are less likely to maintain prolong I contact during conversations, but are more likely to stare at other people (especially man) in order to challenge them and assert their own status
Males
Work
Role strain
a condition that occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies.
Social group
a group that consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence.
Role Expectation
a group's or society's definition of the way that a specific role ought to be played
Secondary group
a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more- impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.
Social institutions
a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs. Family Religion Education
Role conflict
a situation in which incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time.
Role exit
a situation in which people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity.
Primary group
a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.
Ascribed status
a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender.
Achieved status
a social position that a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.
Status
a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties.
Status set
all the statuses that a person occupies at a given time.
Social solidarity
derives from a society's social structure, which, in turn, is based on the society's di- vision of labor
Stigma
is any physical or social attribute or sign that so de- values a person's social identity that it disqualifies that person from full social acceptance
Status symbol
material sign that informs others of a person's specific status
Role distancing
occurs when people consciously foster the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role and merely go through the motions of role performance
Role ambiguity
occurs when the expectations associ- ated with a role are unclear. For example, it is not always clear when the provider-dependent aspect of the parent- child relationship ends.
Role
set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status.
Emile Durkheim
social solidarity derives from a society's social structure, which, in turn, is based on the society's di- vision of labor
Industrial societies
societies based on technology that mechanizes production.
Horticulture society's
societies based on technology that supports the cultivation of plants to provide food.
pastoral societies
societies based on technology that supports the domestication of large animals to provide food.
Postindustrial society's
societies in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy.
Hunting and gathering societies
societies that use simple technology for hunting animals and gathering vegetation.
Agrarian/agricultural societies
societies that use the technology of large-scale farming, including animal-drawn or energy-powered plows and equipment, to produce their food supply.
Social structure
the complex framework of societal institutions (such as the economy, politics, and religion) and the social practices (such as rules and social roles) that make up a society and that organize and establish limits on people's behavior.
Personal space
the immediate area surrounding a person that the person claims as private.
Technology
the key to many occupations and professions.
master status
the most important status that a person occupies.
Social interaction
the process by which people act toward or respond to other people: the foundation for all relationships and groups in society.
Deference
the symbolic means by which subordinates give a required permissive response to those in power; it confirms the existence of inequality and reaffirms each person's relationship to the other.
Nonverbal communication
the transfer of information between persons without the use of words.