Chapter 51
If you wanted to design an artificial cell that could safely carry drugs inside the body, what molecule would you need to mimic to deter the immune system
MHC-1
Very high fevers
May denature critical enzymes
Cells that target and kill body cells infected by viruses are
Natural Killer Cells
Complement porteins
Poke holes in pathogen membranes
T cells do what
Pops infected cells
If you wanted to cure allergies by bioengineering an antibody that would bind and disable the antibody responsible for the allergic reactions, which would you target
IgE
Vaccination
Injecting a harmless agent to confer resistance to a pathogen
What acts as the "alarm signal" to activate the body's adaptive immune system by stimulating helper T cells
Interleukin -1
External Protection
- Trachea lining, mucous linings -Stomach acids -Nose and ear hairs -Sweat, saliva, tears, ear wax -Competing bacteria -Skin
Correct order of when you get a paper cut
1. Bacteria enters the cut 2. Injured epidermal cells release histamine 3. Macrophages engulf bacteria 4. Helper T cells are activated
Adaptive responses
1. Specificity 2. Diversity 3. Memory 4. Ability to distinguish self from non-self
Three levels of defense
1. The Integumentary system and external defenses 2. Nonspecific (innate) Immune System 3. Specific (adaptive) Immune System
Suppose that a new disease is discovered that suppresses the immune system. What would indicate that the disease specifically affects the B cells rather than helper or cytotoxic T cells
A decrease in the number of plasma cells
Lab protocols state that you should check your hands for any breaks in the skin before handling infectious agents. This is because the epidermis fights microbial infections by
A. Making the surface of the skin acidic B. Excreting lysozyme to attack bacteria C. Producing mucus to trap microorganisms
Helper T cells
Antigen presenting cells -stimulate B-cells, Macrophages, cytotoxic T-cells
Structures on invading cells recognized by the adaptive immune system are known as
Antigens
Diseases in which the person's immune system no longer recognizes its own MHC proteins are called
Autoimmune diseases
Innate Immunity
Blood cells and soluble factors
Leukocytes
Blood cells that plays important role innate defense
Antibodies in medicines
Blood type -Determined by antigens found on surface of red blood cells -Types A, B, AB, and O -Rh factor- Rh positive and Rh negative -Agglutination
Primary lymph organs
Bone marrow and thymus
Memory Cells
Childhood diseases Vaccines Cold and flu types
Inflammation
Damaged cells produce histamine Increases white blood cell activity Capillaries dilate and leak Temperature increases (>103 can be fatal) Can be local or systemic
Memory Cells and immunity
First exposure -few cells= few antibodies -response is slow, short, weak Second exposure -memory cells (B and T) waiting -response is fast, long-lasting, strong
Cytotoxic T cells are called into action by the
Presence of interleukin-2
B cells do what
Produce antibodies
B-cells
Produced and mature in bone marrow Each kind recognizes 1 type of antigens Clonal expansion Antibodies circulate in blood Mark antigens Macrophages remove marked antigens
T cells
Produced in bone marrow, mature in thymus
Cytotoxic T-cells
Recognize inflected cells, tumor cells -self- nonself complex Become activated cells or memory cells - Rapid clonal expansion
Receptors that trigger innate immune responses
Recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns
Active immunity
Results from activation of individual's own lymphocytes -Pathogen infection or vaccination
Passive immunity
Results from obtaining another individual's antibodies -Transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta
Secondary lymph organs
Spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT
In comparing T-cell receptors and immunoglobulins
The proteins have related structures and diversity is generated by a similar mechanisms
Why do we need to be repeatedly vaccinated for influenza viruses?
They alter their surface proteins and thus avoid immune recognition
Internal Protection
White blood cells -Macrophages (big eaters), Neutrophils (respond to tissue damage) Lysosomes and phagosomes Natural killer cells (pop infected and cancer cells) -Perforins
If you have type AB blood,what would be the expected results?
Your blood agglutinates with both anti-A and anti-B antibodies