Chapter 51

If you wanted to design an artificial cell that could safely carry drugs inside the body, what molecule would you need to mimic to deter the immune system

MHC-1

Very high fevers

May denature critical enzymes

Cells that target and kill body cells infected by viruses are

Natural Killer Cells

Complement porteins

Poke holes in pathogen membranes

T cells do what

Pops infected cells

If you wanted to cure allergies by bioengineering an antibody that would bind and disable the antibody responsible for the allergic reactions, which would you target

IgE

Vaccination

Injecting a harmless agent to confer resistance to a pathogen

What acts as the "alarm signal" to activate the body's adaptive immune system by stimulating helper T cells

Interleukin -1

External Protection

- Trachea lining, mucous linings -Stomach acids -Nose and ear hairs -Sweat, saliva, tears, ear wax -Competing bacteria -Skin

Correct order of when you get a paper cut

1. Bacteria enters the cut 2. Injured epidermal cells release histamine 3. Macrophages engulf bacteria 4. Helper T cells are activated

Adaptive responses

1. Specificity 2. Diversity 3. Memory 4. Ability to distinguish self from non-self

Three levels of defense

1. The Integumentary system and external defenses 2. Nonspecific (innate) Immune System 3. Specific (adaptive) Immune System

Suppose that a new disease is discovered that suppresses the immune system. What would indicate that the disease specifically affects the B cells rather than helper or cytotoxic T cells

A decrease in the number of plasma cells

Lab protocols state that you should check your hands for any breaks in the skin before handling infectious agents. This is because the epidermis fights microbial infections by

A. Making the surface of the skin acidic B. Excreting lysozyme to attack bacteria C. Producing mucus to trap microorganisms

Helper T cells

Antigen presenting cells -stimulate B-cells, Macrophages, cytotoxic T-cells

Structures on invading cells recognized by the adaptive immune system are known as

Antigens

Diseases in which the person's immune system no longer recognizes its own MHC proteins are called

Autoimmune diseases

Innate Immunity

Blood cells and soluble factors

Leukocytes

Blood cells that plays important role innate defense

Antibodies in medicines

Blood type -Determined by antigens found on surface of red blood cells -Types A, B, AB, and O -Rh factor- Rh positive and Rh negative -Agglutination

Primary lymph organs

Bone marrow and thymus

Memory Cells

Childhood diseases Vaccines Cold and flu types

Inflammation

Damaged cells produce histamine Increases white blood cell activity Capillaries dilate and leak Temperature increases (>103 can be fatal) Can be local or systemic

Memory Cells and immunity

First exposure -few cells= few antibodies -response is slow, short, weak Second exposure -memory cells (B and T) waiting -response is fast, long-lasting, strong

Cytotoxic T cells are called into action by the

Presence of interleukin-2

B cells do what

Produce antibodies

B-cells

Produced and mature in bone marrow Each kind recognizes 1 type of antigens Clonal expansion Antibodies circulate in blood Mark antigens Macrophages remove marked antigens

T cells

Produced in bone marrow, mature in thymus

Cytotoxic T-cells

Recognize inflected cells, tumor cells -self- nonself complex Become activated cells or memory cells - Rapid clonal expansion

Receptors that trigger innate immune responses

Recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns

Active immunity

Results from activation of individual's own lymphocytes -Pathogen infection or vaccination

Passive immunity

Results from obtaining another individual's antibodies -Transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta

Secondary lymph organs

Spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT

In comparing T-cell receptors and immunoglobulins

The proteins have related structures and diversity is generated by a similar mechanisms

Why do we need to be repeatedly vaccinated for influenza viruses?

They alter their surface proteins and thus avoid immune recognition

Internal Protection

White blood cells -Macrophages (big eaters), Neutrophils (respond to tissue damage) Lysosomes and phagosomes Natural killer cells (pop infected and cancer cells) -Perforins

If you have type AB blood,what would be the expected results?

Your blood agglutinates with both anti-A and anti-B antibodies