Chapter 55: Management of Patients With Urinary Disorders

Following percutaneous nephrolithotomy, the client is at greatest risk for which nursing diagnosis?

risk for infection Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is an invasive procedure for the removal of renal calculi. The client would be at risk for infection.

The nurse is employed in a urologist's office. Which classification of medication is anticipated for clients having difficulty with urinary incontinence?

anticholinergic Pharmacologic agents that can improve bladder retention, emptying, and control include anticholinergic drugs. In this classification are medications such as Detrol, Ditropan, and Urecholine. Diuretics eliminate fluid from the body but do not affect the muscles of urinary elimination. Anticonvulsant and cholinergic medications also do not directly help with control.

An ileal conduit is created for a client after a radical cystectomy. Which of the following would the nurse expect to include in the client's plan of care?

application of an ostomy pouch An ileal conduit involves care of a urinary stoma, much like that of a fecal stoma, including the application of an ostomy pouch, skin protection, and stoma care. Intermittent catheterizations and irrigations are appropriate for a continent urinary diverse such as a Kock or Indiana pouch. Exercises to promote sphincter control are appropriate for an ureterosigmoidoscopy.

The nurse is assisting in the preoperative planning for stoma placement in a client scheduled for urinary diversion surgery. Where should the nurse plan for the stoma to be located?

away from skin folds The nurse plans to have the stoma located away from skin folds and creases, bony prominences, the belt line, and the umbilicus. The stoma should be located in an area where the client can see and reach it.

The nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with bladder cancer and requiring a cystectomy. The nurse overhears the physician instructing the client on the presence of a stoma with temporary pouch. In gathering information for the client, which urinary diversion would the nurse select?

Ileal conduit When the physician is discussing a stoma, the nurse recognizes that the client will have an ileal conduit which is a cetaceous urinary diversion. Both the Kock Pouch and Indiana Pouch are continent urinary diversions. The ureterosigmoidostomy connects with the rectum for urinary drainage.

The nurse recognizes that urinalysis results that most likely indicate a urinary tract infection include:

WBC 50 Increased white blood cell occurs in all clients with a UTI and indicates an infectious process is occurring.

Which of the following is the most effective intravesical agent for recurrent bladder cancer?

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) BCG is now considered the most effective intravesical agent for recurrent bladder cancer, especially superficial transitional cell carcinoma, because it is an immunotherapeutic agent that enhances the body's immune response to cancer. Chemotherapy with a combination of methotrexate, 5-FU, vinblastine, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), and cisplatin has been effective in producing partial remission of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in some patients.

Patients with urolithiasis need to be encouraged to:

increase their fluid intake so they can excrete 2.5-4 liters every day Fluids need to be increased up to 4 L/day to help prevent additional stone formation.

A client comes to the emergency department complaining of severe pain in the right flank, nausea, and vomiting. The physician tentatively diagnoses right ureterolithiasis (renal calculi). When planning this client's care, the nurse should assign the highest priority to which nursing diagnosis?

acute pain Ureterolithiasis typically causes such acute, severe pain that the client can't rest and becomes increasingly anxious. Therefore, the nursing diagnosis of Acute pain takes highest priority. Diagnoses of Risk for infection and Impaired urinary elimination are appropriate when the client's pain is controlled. A diagnosis of Imbalanced nutrition: Less than body requirements isn't pertinent at this time.

A nurse is conducting a health history on a patient who is seeing her health care provider for symptoms consistent with a UTI. The nurse understands that the most common route of infection is which of the following?

ascending infection (Transurethral) The most common route of infection is transurethral, in which bacteria colonize the periurethral area and enter the bladder by means of the urethra.

A client is frustrated and embarrassed by urinary incontinence. Which measure should the nurse include in a bladder retraining program?

assessing present voiding patterns The guidelines for initiating bladder retraining include assessing the client's present intake patterns, voiding patterns, and reasons for each accidental voiding. Lowering the client's fluid intake won't reduce or prevent incontinence. The client should be encouraged to drink 1.5 to 2 L of water per day. A voiding schedule should be established after assessment.

The nurse working with a client after an ileal conduit notices that the pouching system is leaking small amounts of urine. What is the appropriate nursing intervention?

change the wafer and pouch Whenever a leaking pouching system is noted, the nurse should change the wafer and pouch. Attempting to secure or patch the leak with tape and/or barrier paste can trap urine under the barrier or faceplate, which will compromise peristomal skin integrity. Emptying the pouch will not rectify the leaking.

A client with bladder cancer had his bladder removed and an ileal conduit created for urine diversion. While changing this client's pouch, the nurse observes that the area around the stoma is red, weeping, and painful. What should the nurse conclude?

the pouch faceplate doesn't fit the stoma If the pouch faceplate doesn't fit the stoma properly, the skin around the stoma will be exposed to continuous urine flow from the stoma, causing excoriation and red, weeping, and painful skin. A lubricant shouldn't be used because it would prevent the pouch from adhering to the skin. When properly applied, a skin barrier prevents skin excoriation. Stoma dilation isn't performed with an ileal conduit, although it may be done with a colostomy if ordered.

The nurse planning care for a client with overflow and stress incontinence includes preparation for which intervention?

transrectal resection A transrectal resection is the procedure of choice for men with overflow and stress incontinence.

The nurse is giving discharge instructions to the client with uric acid renal calculi. Which statement by the client indicates the client understands the prescribed diet?

"I should limit my intake of meat and fish" A low-purine diet is prescribed for the client with uric acid renal calculi. Organ meats, shellfish, anchovies, asparagus, and mushrooms are foods high in purine.

The nurse is evaluating the effectiveness of discharge teaching for a client with an oxalate urinary stone. Which statement by the client indicates the need for further teaching by the nurse? Select all that apply.

"I will never have another urinary stone again." "I need to take allopurinol." "Tylenol is best to control my pain." "I'm so glad I don't have to make any changes in my diet." Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used to treat renal stone pain. Oxalate-containing foods should be avoided. Fluid intake should total 2 to 3 liters, if not contraindicated. Allopurinol (Zyloprim) is prescribed for uric acid stones. Recurrence of stones occurs in about half of individuals.

A client with urinary incontinence asks the nurse for suggestions about managing this condition. Which suggestion would be most appropriate?

"Make sure to eat enough fiber to prevent constipation" Suggestions to manage urinary incontinence include avoiding constipation such as eating adequate fiber and drinking adequate amounts of fluid. Scented powders, lotions, or sprays should be avoided because they can intensify the urine odor, irritate the skin, or cause a skin infection. Stimulants such as caffeine, alcohol, and aspartame should be avoided. The client should void regularly, approximately every 2 to 3 hours to ensure bladder emptying.

A client with urinary tract infection is prescribed phenazopyridine (Pyridium). Which of the following instructions would the nurse give the client?

"This medication will relieve your pain" Phenazopyridine (Pyridium) is a urinary analgesic agent used for the treatment of burning and pain associated with UTIs.

A client presents at the clinic with reports of urinary retention. What question should the nurse ask to obtain additional information about the client's report?

"When did you last urinate" The nurse needs to determine the last time the client voided.

The nurse has been asked to provide health information to a female patient diagnosed with a urinary tract infection. What appropriate instructions will the nurse provide? Select all that apply.

Cleanse around the perineum and urethral meatus after each bowel movement to reduce pathogens. Drink liberal amounts of fluid to flush out bacteria. Void every 2-3 hours to prevent overdistention of the bladder Clients with a urinary tract infection should clean the perineum and urethral meatus from front to back after each bowel movement to help reduce concentrations of pathogens at the urethral opening and, in women, the vaginal opening; void every 2-3 hours during the day to prevent overdistention of the bladder and compromised blood supply to the bladder wall as both predispose the patient to urinary tract infection; and drink liberal amounts of fluid to flush out bacteria. Clients with a urinary tract infection should shower rather than bathe because during a bath bacteria may enter the urethra. Clients with a urinary tract infection should avoid coffee, tea, colas, alcohol, and other fluids that are urinary tract irritants.

Which nursing diagnosis is appropriate for the client with a new ileal conduit? Select all that apply.

Deficient knowledge: management of urinary diversion Disturbed body image Risk for impaired skin integrity Deficient knowledge, disturbed body image, and risk for impaired skin integrity are expected problems for the client with a new ileal conduit. Urinary retention and chronic pain are not expected client problems.

Which of the following is a potential cause of transient incontinence? Select all that apply.

Delirium Restricted activity Infection of urinary tract Atrophic vaginitis Stool impaction Potential causes of transient incontinence include delirium, restricted activity, infection of the urinary tract, atrophic vaginitis, and stool impaction.

A client is admitted with nephrolithiasis. What symptoms does the nurse expect the client to experience? Select all that apply.

Difficulty starting a urine stream Suprapubic pain Elevated temperature Hematuria Symptoms of nephrolithiasis include hematuria, suprapubic pain, difficulty starting the urinary stream, symptoms of a bladder infection, and a feeling that the bladder is not completely empty. Diarrhea and abdominal discomfort are due to renointestinal reflexes and the anatomic proximity of the kidneys to the stomach, pancreas, and large intestine. Some clients may have few or no symptoms.

Which of the following would be least appropriate to suggest to a client with a urinary diversion to control odor?

Eat plenty of cheese and eggs To help control odor, the client should use pouches with carbon filters or other odor barriers or add a few drops of liquid deodorizer or diluted white vinegar to the pouch. Foods such as cranberry juice, yogurt or buttermilk may help to decrease odor while foods such as asparagus, cheese, and eggs may impart an odor to the urine.

A major goal when caring for a catheterized patient is to prevent infection. Select all the nursing actions that apply.

Empty the collection bag at least every 8 hours to reduce bacterial growth. Suspend the drainage bag off the floor. Wash the perineal area with soap and water at least twice daily Never disconnect the tubing to collect samples, irrigate, or ambulate the patient since this will allow bacteria to enter the closed system. Drainage systems should have an aspiration or puncture port from which a specimen can be obtained. The drainage system should not be disconnected.

The nurse is caring for a patient with severe pain related to ureteral colic. What medication can the nurse administer with a physician's order that will inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandin E, thereby reducing swelling and facilitating passage of the stone?

Ketorolac (Toradol) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ketorolac (Toradol) are effective in treating renal stone pain because they provide specific pain relief. They also inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandin E, reducing swelling and facilitating passage of the stone.

The nurse is providing an education program for the nursing assistants in a long-term care facility in order to decrease the number of UTIs in the female population. What interventions should the nurse introduce in the program? Select all that apply.

Provide careful perineal care. Perform hand hygiene prior to patient care. Assist the patients with frequent toileting. In institutionalized older patients, such as those in long-term care facilities, infecting pathogens are often resistant to many antibiotics. Diligent hand hygiene, careful perineal care, and frequent toileting may decrease the incidence of UTIs.

Behavioral interventions for urinary incontinence can be coordinated by a nurse. A comprehensive program that incorporates timed voiding and urinary urge inhibition is referred to as what?

bladder retraining Bladder retraining includes a timed voiding schedule and urinary urge inhibition exercises. These exercises involve delaying voiding to help the patient stay dry for a set period of time. When one time interval is reached, another is set. The time is usually increased by 10 to 15 minutes, until an acceptable voiding interval is achieved.

What is the most common presenting objective symptom of a urinary tract infection in older adults, especially in those with dementia?

change in cognitive functioning The most common objective finding is a change in cognitive functioning, especially in those with dementia; these clients usually exhibit even more profound cognitive changes with the onset of a UTI. Incontinence, hematuria, and back pain are not the most common presenting objective symptoms.

A patient has been diagnosed with a UTI and is prescribed an antibiotic. What first-line fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent for UTIs has been found to be significantly effective?

cipro Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) is a fluoroquinolone used to treat UTIs. Co-trimoxazole (Bactrim, Septra) is a trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination medication. Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin, Furadantin) is an anti-infective urinary tract medication.

The nurse is encouraging the client with recurrent urinary tract infections to increase his fluid intake to 8 large glasses of fluids daily. The client states he frequently drinks water and all of the following. Which of the following would the nurse discourage for this client?

coffee in the morning The nurse would discourage drinking coffee. Coffee, tea, alcohol, and colas are urinary tract irritants. Fruit juice, milk, and ginger ale are appropriate for drinking and countered toward the daily fluid total.

After teaching a group of students about the types of urinary incontinence and possible causes, the instructor determines that the students have understood the material when they identify which of the following as a cause of stress incontinence?

decreased pelvic muscle tone due to multiple pregnancies Stress incontinence is due to decreased pelvic muscle tone, which is associated with multiple pregnancies, obstetric injuries, obesity, menopause, or pelvic disease. Transient incontinence is due to increased urine production related to metabolic conditions. Urge incontinence is due to bladder irritation related to urinary tract infections, bladder tumors, radiation therapy, enlarged prostate, or neurologic dysfunction. Overflow incontinence is due to obstruction from fecal impaction or enlarged prostate.

An older adult client is being evaluated for suspected pyelonephritis and is ordered kidney, ureter, and bladder (KUB) x-ray. The nurse understands the significance of this order is related to which rationale?

detects calculi, cysts, and tumors Urinary obstruction is the most common cause of pyelonephritis in the older adult. A KUB may reveal obstructions such as calculi, cysts, or tumors. KUB is not indicated for detection of impaired renal function or reveal increased risk for chronic form of the disorder. Urine cultures will reveal causative microorganisms present in the urine.

A nurse who works in a clinic sees many patients with a variety of medical conditions. The nurse understands that a risk factor for UTIs is which of the following?

diabetes mellitus Increased urinary glucose levels create an infection-prone environment in the urinary tract.

Nursing management of the client with a urinary tract infection should include:

discouraging caffeine intake Strategies for preventing urinary tract infection include proper perineal hygiene, increased fluid intake, avoiding urinary tract irritants (including caffeine), and establishing a frequent voiding regimen.

Which instruction would be included in a teaching plan for a client diagnosed with a urinary tract infection?

drink liberal amounts of fluid Clients diagnosed with a UTI should drink liberal amounts of fluids. They should void every 2 to 3 hours. Coffee and tea are urinary irritants. The client should shower instead of bathe in a tub because bacteria in the bathwater may enter the urethra.

A male client who is admitted with the diagnosis of urinary calculi complains of excruciating pain. The pain is suspected to be caused by increased pressure in the renal pelvis. Which measure would be most appropriate to provide pain relief?

encourage frequent ambulation When a client with urinary calculi complains of excruciating pain, the client should be encouraged to ambulate. This is because the supine position increases colic, while ambulation relieves it. Also, adequate fluid intake should be suggested to promote the passage of stones and to prevent urinary stasis, or the formation of new stones. The client should be encouraged to void when there is a risk of infection related to urinary stasis. The suggestion for restricting sodium intake is offered to a client with chronic glomerulonephritis, not urinary calculi. The nurse should promote deep-breathing exercises to provide relief to a client recovering from surgery who has an ineffective breathing pattern.

A nurse is caring for a client who had a stroke. Which nursing intervention promotes urinary continence?

encouraging intake of at least 2 L of fluid daily Encouraging a daily fluid intake of at least 2 L helps fill the client's bladder, thereby promoting bladder retraining by stimulating the urge to void. The nurse shouldn't give the client soda before bedtime; soda acts as a diuretic and may make the client incontinent. The nurse should take the client to the bathroom or offer the bedpan at least every 2 hours throughout the day; twice per day is insufficient. Consultation with a dietitian won't address the problem of urinary incontinence.

Which of the following is a cause of a calcium renal stone?

excessive intake of vitamin D Potential causes of calcium renal stones include excessive intake of vitamin D, hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, excessive intake of milk and alkali, and renal tubular acidosis. Gout is associated with uric acid. Struvite stones are associated with neurogenic bladder and foreign bodies.

A client is scheduled to undergo surgical creation of an ileal conduit. The primary nurse educates the client about surgery and the postoperative period. The nurse informs the client that many members of the health care team (including a mental health practitioner) will see him. A mental health practitioner should be involved in the client's care to:

help the client cope with the anxiety associated with changes in body image Many clients who undergo surgery for creation of an ileal conduit experience anxiety associated with changes in body image. The mental health practitioner can help the client cope with these feelings of anxiety. Mental health practitioners don't evaluate whether the client is a surgical candidate. None of the evidence suggests that urinary diversion surgery, such as creation of an ileal conduit, places the client at risk for suicide. Although evaluating the need for mental health intervention is always important, this client displays no behavioral changes that suggest intervention is necessary at this time.

The nurse is obtaining a health history from a client describing urinary complications. Which assessment finding is most suggestive of a malignant tumor of the bladder?

hematuria The most common first symptom of a malignant tumor is hematuria. Most malignant tumors are vascular; thus, abnormal bleeding can be a first sign of abnormality. The client then has symptoms of incontinence (a later sign), dysuria and frequency.

Which metabolic defects are associated with stone formation?

hyperparathyroidism Metabolic defects such as hyperparathyroidism and hyperuricemia (gout) are associated with stone formation. Hypoparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and hypouricemia are not associated with stone formation.

The nurse advises the patient with chronic pyelonephritis that he should:

increase fluid to 3-4 L/24 hours to dilute urine Unless contraindicated, fluids should be increased to dilute the urine, decrease burning on urination, and prevent dehydration. A balanced diet would be recommended but there is no need to restrict sodium or calcium.

A client undergoes extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Before discharge, the nurse should provide which instruction?

increase your fluid intake to 2-3 L a day The nurse should instruct the client to increase his fluid intake. Increasing fluid intake flushes the renal calculi fragments through — and prevents obstruction of — the urinary system. Measuring temperature every 4 hours isn't needed. Lithotripsy doesn't require an incision. Hematuria may occur for a few hours after lithotripsy but should then disappear.

A nurse caring for a patient with a neurogenic bladder knows to assess for the major complication of:

infection Infection is caused by an increased urinary bacterial count that results from incomplete and delayed emptying of the bladder.

A female client who suffers from urethral strictures undergoes a dilation procedure and experiences a burning sensation while voiding. Which nursing instruction would be most helpful?

instruct the use of warm sitz bath Taking warm sitz baths and non-narcotic analgesics can relieve the client's discomfort while voiding. A client may be advised to visit a local stoma support group following a urinary diversion procedure. The application of moisture sealants is useful with ostomy appliances. The encouragement of frequent cleaning and washing of the perineum will protect the skin, but may not relieve the client's discomfort.

After undergoing retropubic prostatectomy, a client returns to his room. The client is on nothing-by-mouth status and has an IV infusing in his right forearm at a rate of 100 ml/hour. The client also has an indwelling urinary catheter that's draining light pink urine. While assessing the client, the nurse notes that his urine output is red and has dropped to 15 ml and 10 ml for the last 2 consecutive hours. How can the nurse best explain this drop in urine output?

it is an abnormal finding that requires further assessment The drop in urine output to less than 30 ml/hour is abnormal and requires further assessment. The reduction in urine output may be caused by an obstruction in the urinary catheter tubing or deficient fluid volume from blood loss. The client's nothing-by-mouth status isn't the cause of the low urine output because the client is receiving I.V. fluid to compensate for the lack of oral intake. Ambulation promotes urination; however, the client should produce at least 30 ml of urine/hour.

A client comes to the emergency department complaining of sudden onset of sharp, severe pain in the lumbar region that radiates around the side and toward the bladder. The client also reports nausea and vomiting and appears pale, diaphoretic, and anxious. The physician tentatively diagnoses renal calculi and orders flat-plate abdominal X-rays. Renal calculi can form anywhere in the urinary tract. What is their most common formation site?

kidney The most common site of renal calculi formation is the kidney. Calculi may travel down the urinary tract with or without causing damage and lodge anywhere along the tract or may stay within the kidney. The ureter, bladder, and urethra are less common sites of renal calculi formation.

The nurse performs a physical examination on a client diagnosed with acute pyelonephritis to assist in determining which of the following?

location of discomfort The physical examination of a client with pyelonephritis helps the nurse determine the location of discomfort and signs of fluid retention, such as peripheral edema or shortness of breath. Observing and documenting the characteristics of the client's urine helps the nurse detect abnormalities in the urine. Laboratory blood tests reveal elevated calcium levels, whereas radiography and ultrasonography depict structural defects in the kidneys.

A nurse who is taking care of a patient with a spinal cord injury documents the frequency of reflex incontinence. The nurse understands that this is most likely due to:

loss of motor control of the detrusor muscle Spinal cord injury patients commonly experience reflex incontinence because they lack neurologically mediated motor control of the detrusor and the sensory awareness of the urge to void. These patients also experience hyperreflexia in the absence of normal sensations associated with voiding.

Examination of a client's bladder stones reveal that they are primarily composed of uric acid. The nurse would expect to provide the client with which type of diet?

low purine A low-purine diet is used for uric acid stones; the benefits, however, are unknown. Clients with a history of calcium oxalate stone formation need a diet that is adequate in calcium and low in oxalate. Only clients who have type II absorptive hypercalciuria—approximately half of the clients—need to limit calcium intake. Usually, clients are told to increase their fluid intake significantly, consume a moderate protein intake, and limit sodium. Avoiding excessive protein intake is associated with lower urinary oxalate and lower uric acid levels. Reducing sodium intake can lower urinary calcium levels.

A patient who has been treated for uric acid stones is being discharged from the hospital. What type of diet does the nurse discuss with the patient?

low purine diet For uric acid stones, the patient is placed on a low-purine diet to reduce the excretion of uric acid in the urine. Foods high in purine (shellfish, anchovies, asparagus, mushrooms, and organ meats) are avoided, and other proteins may be limited.

The nurse observes a client's uric acid level of 9.3 mg/dL. When teaching the client about ways to decrease the uric acid level, which diet would the nurse suggest?

low purine diet The nurse would suggest a low-purine diet. Foods to avoid are anchovies, animal organs and sardines. The other options do not lower the uric acids levels.

A client undergoes surgery to remove a malignant tumor followed by a urinary diversion procedure. Which postoperative procedure is the most important for the nurse to perform?

maintain skin and stomal integrity The most important nursing management in postoperative procedure is to maintain skin and stomal integrity to avoid further complications, such as skin infections and urinary odor.

A client is treated for renal calculi and suspected hydronephrosis. Therefore, the nurse should maintain a record of the kidney's function. Which measure can the nurse take to help achieve the objective?

monitor the patient's intake and output Monitoring and recording the client's intake and output provides information about how the kidneys are functioning and helps to identify any arising complications, such as hydronephrosis. Noting the nail beds and mobility of the fingers, palpating for a thrill over the vascular access, and inspecting the skin over the fistula or graft for signs of infection are nursing interventions to provide care to a client undergoing hemodialysis.

A patient has had surgery to create an ileal conduit for urinary diversion. What is a priority intervention by the nurse in the postoperative phase of care?

monitor urine output hourly and report output less than 30 ml/hour In the immediate postoperative period, urine volumes are monitored hourly. Throughout the patient's hospitalization, the nurse monitors closely for complications, reports signs and symptoms of them promptly, and intervenes quickly to prevent their progression. If urinary drainage stops or decreases to less than 30 mL/hour, or if the client complains of back pain, the nurse needs to notify the physician immediately.

A nurse has been asked to speak to a local women's group about preventing cystitis. Which of the following would the nurse include in the presentation?

need to urinate after engaging in sexual intercourse Measures to prevent cystitis include voiding after sexual intercourse, wearing cotton underwear, urinating every 2 to 3 hours while awake, and taking showers instead of tub baths.

Which of the following is the most common symptom of bladder cancer?

painless gross hematuria Painless gross hematuria is the most common symptom of bladder cancer. Pelvic and back pain may occur with metastasis. Any alteration in voiding or change in the urine may indicate cancer of the bladder.

Which finding is an early indicator of bladder cancer?

painless hematuria Initially, as cancer cells destroy normal bladder tissue, bleeding occurs and causes painless hematuria. (Pain is a late symptom of bladder cancer.) Occasional polyuria may occur with diabetes mellitus or increased alcohol or caffeine intake. Nocturia commonly accompanies benign prostatic hypertrophy. Dysuria may indicate a urinary tract infection.

A client has a suspected bladder tumor. What is the most common first symptom of a malignant tumor of the bladder?

painless hematuria The most common first symptom of a malignant tumor of the bladder is painless hematuria. Additional early symptoms include UTI with symptoms such as fever, dysuria, urgency, and frequency.

A nurse is reviewing the history and physical examination of a client with a suspected malignant tumor of the bladder. Which finding would the nurse identify as the most common initial symptom?

painless hematuria The most common first symptom of a malignant tumor of the bladder is painless hematuria. Additional early symptoms include UTI with symptoms such as fever, dysuria, urgency, and frequency. Later symptoms are related to metastases and include pelvic pain, urinary retention (if the tumor blocks the bladder outlet), and urinary frequency from the tumor occupying bladder space.

A 64-year-old man is seeing his urologist for an annual check-up, post prostatectomy. The health care provider is concerned with the symptom he finds because it is considered diagnostic for bladder cancer. Which of the following signs/symptoms is diagnostic for bladder cancer?

painless, gross hematuria Although flank pain may occur, the painless, gross hematuria is characteristic of bladder cancer.

If an indwelling catheter is necessary, which nursing intervention should be implemented to prevent infection?

perform meticulous perineal care daily with soap and water Cleanliness of the area will reduce potential for infection. Strict aseptic technique must be used when inserting a urinary bladder catheter. The nurse must maintain a closed system and use the catheter's port to obtain specimens. The catheter bag must never be placed on the client's abdomen unless it is clamped because it may cause urine to flow back from the tubing into the bladder.

A female client is undergoing a bladder training program as treatment for urinary incontinence. Which technique would be the most appropriate for the nurse to suggest?

performing Kegel exercises Instructing the client on Kegel exercises will help the client achieve continence. These exercises improve muscle tone and voluntary control. Reducing fluids will not change continence or aid in muscle strength. Holding the urine until the sensation is felt will not aid in muscle strength. Warm sitz baths may be suggested to a client in the event of urethra inflammation.

The nurse is caring for a postoperative client who has a Kock pouch. Nursing assessment findings reveal abdominal pain, absence of bowel sounds, fever, tachycardia, and tachypnea. The nurse suspects which of the following?

peritonitis Clinical manifestations of peritonitis include abdominal pain and distention, absence of bowel sounds, nausea and vomiting, fever, changes in vital signs.

The following catheterization procedures are used to treat clients with urinary retention. Which procedure would the nurse identify as carrying the greatest risk to the client?

permanent drainage with urethral catheter Permanent drainage with a urethral catheter carries the greatest risk. It may also increase the risk for bladder stones, renal diseases, bladder infections, and urosepsis, a severe systemic infection by microorganisms in the urinary tract invading the bloodstream. Clean intermittent catheterization has the fewest complications and is the preferred treatment for urinary retention. The Credé voiding procedure is used in the case of clients who have lost control over their nervous systems, secondary to injury or disease.

Which medication may be ordered to relieve discomfort associated with a urinary tract infection?

phenazopyridine Phenazopyridine is a urinary analgesic ordered to relieve discomfort associated with a UTI. Nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin are antibiotics.

Which term refers to inflammation of the renal pelvis?

pyelonephritis Pyelonephritis is an upper urinary tract inflammation, which may be acute or chronic. Cystitis is inflammation of the urinary bladder. Urethritis is inflammation of the urethra. Interstitial nephritis is inflammation of the kidney.

A patient with a UTI is having burning and pain when urinating. What urinary analgesic is prescribed for relief of these symptoms?

pyridium The urinary analgesic agent phenazopyridine (Pyridium) is used specifically for relief of burning, pain, and other symptoms associated with UTI.

Which laboratory value supports a diagnosis of pyelonephritis?

pyuria Pyelonephritis is diagnosed by the presence of pyuria, leukocytosis, hematuria, and bacteriuria. The client exhibits fever, chills, and flank pain. Myoglobinuria is seen with any disease process that destroys muscle. Ketonuria indicates a diabetic state. Because the client with pyelonephritis typically has signs of infection, the WBC count is more likely to be high rather than low.

The nurse is reviewing the results of a urinalysis on a client with acute pyelonephritis. Which of the following would the nurse most likely expect to find?

pyuria The chief abnormality noted with the urinalysis is pyuria (combination of bacteria and leukocytes). Specific gravity would be low, pH would be slightly alkaline, and proteinuria would be minimal to mild.

Sympathomimetics have which of the following effects on the body?

relaxation of the bladder wall Sympathomimetics mimic the sympathetic nervous system, causing increased heart rate and contractility, dilation of bronchioles and pupils, and bladder wall relaxation.

A woman comes to her health care provider's office with signs and symptoms of kidney stones. Which of the following should be the primary medical management goal?

relieve the pain The immediate objective is to relieve pain, which can be incapacitating depending on the location of the stone.

A nurse is providing postprocedure care for a client who underwent percutaneous lithotripsy. In this procedure, an ultrasonic probe inserted through a nephrostomy tube into the renal pelvis generates ultra-high-frequency sound waves to shatter renal calculi. The nurse should instruct the client to:

report to the physician for cloudy or foul smelling urine The nurse should instruct the client to report the presence of foul-smelling or cloudy urine to the physician. Unless contraindicated, the client should be instructed to drink large quantities of fluid each day to flush the kidneys. Sandlike debris is normal because of residual stone products. Hematuria is common after lithotripsy.

Which of the following nursing actions is most important in caring for the client following lithotripsy?

strain the urine carefully for stone fragments The nurse should strain all urine following lithotripsy. Stone fragments are sent to the laboratory for chemical analysis.

Which type of incontinence refers to involuntary loss of urine through an intact urethra as a result of a sudden increase in intra-abdominal pressure?

stress Stress incontinence may occur with sneezing, coughing, or changing position. Overflow incontinence refers to the involuntary loss of urine associated with overdistention of the bladder. Urge incontinence refers to involuntary loss of urine associated with urgency. Reflex incontinence refers to the involuntary loss of urine due to involuntary urethral relaxation in the absence of normal sensations.

The nurse is educating a female patient with a UTI on the pharmacologic regimen for treatment. What is important for the nurse to instruct the patient to do?

take antibiotic three days as prescribed The trend is toward a shortened course of antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated UTIs, because most cases are cured after 3 days of treatment. Regardless of the regimen prescribed, the patient is instructed to take all doses prescribed, even if relief of symptoms occurs promptly. Although brief pharmacologic treatment of UTIs for 3 days is usually adequate in women, infection recurs in about 20% of women treated for uncomplicated UTIs.

The nurse is assisting in the transport of a client with an indwelling catheter to the diagnostic studies unit. Which action made by the nursing assistant would require instruction?

the nursing assistant places the drainage bag on the clients abdomen for transport The nurse would instruct the nursing assistant to maintain the drainage bag lower than the genital region to avoid a backflow of urine into the bladder. The nursing assistant is correct to move the catheter and drainage bag with the client to not put tension on the catheter, place the drainage bag on the lower area of the wheelchair, and hold the drainage bag while the client is in the process of moving.

Which of the following is the procedure of choice for men with recurrent or complicated urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

transrectal ultrasonography A transrectal ultrasonography is the procedure of choice for men with recurrent or complicated UTIs.

A client comes to the clinic for a follow-up visit. During the interview, the client states, "Sometimes when I have to urinate I can't control it, and do not reach the bathroom in time." The nurse suspects that the client is experiencing which type of incontinence?

urge Urge incontinence occurs when the client experiences the sensation to void but cannot control voiding in time to reach a toilet. Stress incontinence occurs when the client has an involuntary loss of urine that results from a sudden increase in intra-abdominal pressure. Overflow incontinence occurs when the client experiences an involuntary loss of urine related to an overdistended bladder; the client voids small amounts frequently and dribbles. Functional incontinence occurs when the client has function of the lower urinary tract but cannot identify the need to void or ambulate to the toilet.

The nurse advises a patient with renal stones to avoid eating shellfish, asparagus, and organ meats. She emphasizes these foods because she knows that his renal stones are composed of which of the following substances?

uric acid Uric acid stones are found in patients with gout and myeloproliferative disorders. Therefore, a diet low in purines is recommended.

A client comes to the emergency department complaining of a sudden onset of sharp, severe flank pain. During the physical examination, the client indicates that the pain, which comes in waves, travels to the suprapubic region. He states, "I can even feel the pain at the tip of my penis." Which of the following would the nurse suspect?

urinary calculi Symptoms of a kidney or ureteral stone vary with size, location, and cause. Small stones may pass unnoticed; however, sudden, sharp, severe flank pain that travels to the suprapubic region and external genitalia is the classic symptom of urinary calculi. The pain is accompanied by renal or ureteral colic, painful spasms that attempt to move the stone. The pain comes in waves that radiate to the inguinal ring, the inner aspect of the thigh, and to the testicle or tip of the penis in men, or the urinary meatus or labia in women. Clients with acute glomerulonephritis may be asymptomatic or may exhibit fever, nausea, malaise, headache, edema (generalized or periorbital), pain, and mild to moderate hypertension. Clients with ureteral stricture may complain of flank pain and tenderness at the costovertebral angle and back or abdominal discomfort. A client with renal cell carcinoma rarely exhibits symptoms early on but may present with painless hematuria and persistent back pain in later stages.

Which statement describing urinary incontinence in an older adult client is true?

urinary continence isn't a disease Urinary incontinence isn't a normal part of aging nor is it a disease. It may be caused by confusion, dehydration, fecal impaction, restricted mobility, or other causes. Certain medications, including diuretics, hypnotics, sedatives, anticholinergics, and antihypertensives, may trigger urinary incontinence. Most clients with urinary incontinence can be treated; some can be cured.

A group of students are reviewing information about disorders of the bladder and urethra. The students demonstrate understanding of the material when they identify which of the following as a voiding dysfunction?

urinary retention Urinary retention and urinary incontinence are voiding dysfunctions, temporary or permanent alterations in the ability to urinate normally. Cystitis is an infectious disorder. Bladder stones and urethral stricture are obstructive disorders.

Which of the following is the most common site of a nosocomial infection?

urinary tract The urinary tract is the most common site of nosocomial infection, accounting for greater than 3% of the total number reported by hospitals each year.