Chapter 6

long chain fatty acids

14-24 carbons

(T or F) There are no foods that naturally contain trans fat.

False. Whole milk and whole-milk products, butter, and meat naturally contain small amounts of trans fats.

Which type of lipoprotein transports cholesterol from body cells for disposal?

HDL

The direct benefits of physical activity include:

achieving healthy body weight reducing blood LDL cholesterol level maintaining a healthy body weight

Cis fatty acid

causes the carbon chain to bend

hydrocarbon chain

chain of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms

polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs)

have two or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains

______ is the process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated fats, which makes a liquid fat more solid at room temperature.

partial hydrogenation

essential fatty acids

the body cannot synthesize linoleum acid and alpha-linolenic acid, so the diet must supply tow essential fatty acids

Which drug is commonly prescribed to help people reduce elevated blood lipid levels?

statins

According to the Dietary Guidelines, adults should consume less than ______ of their total calories from saturated fatty acids and limit their trans fat and cholesterol intakes to as little as possible.

10%

Which of the following are classified as saturated fats? Choose ALL that apply.

Coconut oil. Palm oil.

Phospholipids

chemically similar to a triglyceride, except that one of the fatty acids is replaced by a chemical group that contains phosphorus and, often, nitrogen. Phospholipids are naturally found in foods derived from plants and animals.

Unsatruated fatty acid

has at least two neighboring carbons within the chain that are missing two hydrogen atoms, and a double bond holds the two particular carbons together

monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)

has only one double bond linking two carbon atoms

saturated fatty acid

has single bonds between the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain

Triglycerides

has three fatty acids attached to a glycerol "backbone"

linoleic acid

has two double bonds

Cholesterol is found:

only in foods derived from animals. Egg yolk, liver, mat, poultry, and dairy products made from cream or whole milk are rich sources of the lipid

Numerous studies conducted over the past 60 years indicate that consuming high amounts of certain lipids may increase the risk of developing:

serious health conditions, including obesity, certain cancers, and cardiovascular disease (CVD), which includes heart disease and stroke.

_____, a commonly prescribed class of drug, interfere with the liver's metabolism of cholesterol, effectively reducing LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels

statins

Approximately __________ Americans are living with one or more forms of CVD.

86 million

Major functions of lipids in the body:

-Absorb fat-soluble vitamins and phytochemicals -Cushion the body against bumps and blows -Form and maintain cell membranes -Form body contours -Insulate the body against cold temperatures -produce steroid hormones -provide and store energy (triglycerides)

chemists identify a fatty acid by:

1. its number of carbon atoms 2. the type of bond between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain

Short-chain fatty acids

2-4 carbons

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for fat

20 to 35% of total caloric intake

Infants require _____ and ____ for nervous system development, and babies do not grow properly when their diets lack _____________________.

DHA, EPA, essential fatty acids

Which statement is true about the hydrogenation process?

It produces trans fats.

Atherosclerosis: Major Risk Factors

Non-modifiable risk factors: -Family history of CVD (especially before 60 years of age) -Increasing age -Male sex -Race/ethnic background Modifiable Risk Factors: -Diabetes mellitus -Elevated blood cholesterol (especially LDL cholesterol) -Excess body fat -Hypertension -Physical inactivity -Tobacco use or exposure to tobacco smoke -unhealthy diet -untreated sleep apnea

Which statement is true about essential fatty acids?

Only alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are considered essential.

Manufacturers use _______ to increase the shelf life of foods and to decrease rancidity.

PHO's or partial hydrogenated oils

Choose characteristics of Ghee:

Solid at room temperature but can be melted. Made from unsalted butter by removing the water and milk proteins from the butterfat. Compared to butter, Ghee has a higher smoke point.

Which form of unsaturated fatty acid contains a chemical structure similar to that of saturated fatty acids?

Trans

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)

Unsaturated omega-3 fatty acid, see linolenic acid

omega-3 fatty acid

a polyunsaturated fatty acid with its first double bond at the third carbon from the omega end of the molecule

omega-6 fatty acid

a polyunsaturated fatty acid with its first double bond occurring at the sixth carbon from the omega end of the chain

trans fatty acids

allows the carbon chain to remain straighter

the body converts lanolin acid to:

arachidonic acid (AA), an essential fatty acid

essential fatty acids (EFAs)

are necessary in small amounts for good health

The most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include:

coronary artery disease and stroke

A 2016 study found that replacing 5% of energy from saturated fats with an equal amount of energy from PUFA and MUFA fats was associated with a 27% ____ in CVD.

decrease/reduction

polyunsaturated fatty acid

has two or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon chain

saturated fatty acid (SFA)

each carbon within the chain is saturated, that is, completely filled with hydrogen atoms

What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?

eggs, chicken, ice cream

According to the Dietary Guidelines adults should:

emphasize foods that are rich sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, such as fish, nuts, and vegetable oils

partial hydrogenation

food manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to liquid vegetable oil, forming trans fats and saturated fats

HDL cholesterol is often called _________ cholesterol because it does not contribute to plaque formation

good

Unsaturated fatty acid

has at least two neighboring carbons within the chain that are missing two hydrogen atoms with a double bond holding those particular carbons together

foam cells

holds oxidized LDL within the arterial wall

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

includes heart disease (coronary artery disease, orCAD), stroke, and diseases of the blood vessels.

alpha-linolenic acid

is a polyunsaturated fatty acid with three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain

Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?

linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid

Sterols

lipids that have a more chemically complex structure than a triglyceride or phospholipid (cholesterol is the most common)

What is the best way to reduce a person's risk of CVD?

lose excess body fat

Which gender is more prone to heart attacks?

men

fatty acids

provide energy for muscles and most other types of cells. It is comprised of a hydrocarbon chain

Some type of plain oils, especially tropical oils such as coconut and palm oils, contain high amounts of ______ fats.

saturated

Dietary fats and oils are classified as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated based on:

the type of fatty acid present in greater concentration

What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?

to provide energy, to aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins, to insulate and protect the body

HDL

transports cholesterol from body cells for disposal

the body converts alpha-linolenic acid to:

two other omega-3 fatty acids: 1. eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 2. docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

cis and trans double bond arrangements

(a) Oleic acid, a cis fatty acid, has the hydrogen atoms of the double-bonded carbons on the same side of the molecule, resulting in a kink. (b) Elaidic acid, a trans fatty acid, has the hydrogen atoms of the double-bonded carbons on opposite sides, resulting in a straighter arrangement of the fatty acid chain. For simplicity, most of the hydrogen atoms in these molecules are not shown.

(T or F) In 2014, heart disease and stroke together accounted for nearly half of all deaths. Indeed, heart disease kills someone in the United States about once every 84 seconds.

True

(T or F) In a particular food, such as olives or cheese, the unsaturated and saturated fats occur in different proportions, but one type of fatty acid (SFA, MUFA, or PUFA) often predominates.

True

a ______ has three fatty acids attached to glycerol

triglyceride

Lipids include:

triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols

Why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar?

both have a straight shape

Adipose cells are designed to store large amounts of

fat as triglycerides

medium chain fatty acids

fatty acids that are 6 to 12 carbon atoms in length

Hypertension

often referred to as a "silent disease" because people with the condition frequently feel healthy and do not have obvious symptoms that indicate trouble within their circulatory system. The condition is quite serious because it damages arterial walls and increases the risk of stroke, heart failure, and kidney disease.

(PHO)Partially hydrogenated oils

oils that contain artificial fats

Omega or methyl end

one end of the fatty acid chain has a carbon molecule with three hydrogen atoms attached to it

Lipids dissolve in

organic solvents such as alcohol and acetone, but most lipids are insoluble in water

_____ fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of _____ fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process.

trans, saturated

Oxidized LDL

transports cholesterol into arterial lining

Ghee

a type of clarified butter, can be used as an alternative to cooking oil in some recipes. Clarified butter is made from unsalted butter by separating the water and milk proteins from the butterfat. Commonly used in Indian and Middle Eastern dishes, ghee is similar to butter except it does not contain water or milk proteins. Ghee is solid at room temperature but can be melted, if desired. Compared to butter, ghee has a higher smoke point, which means that it does not burn as easily when used at high temperatures. You can make ghee at home or purchase it online or at specialty grocery stores.

carboxylic acid

organic molecule with a carboxyl (-COOH)

Populations who consume diets rich in _____ and trans fats have higher risks of cardio-vascular disease than those who contain ____ fats.

saturated; unsaturated

What is a symptom associated with insufficient consumption of essential fatty acids?

scaly skin, hair loss, and poor wound healing

LDL

transports cholesterol to cells for their use