chapter 6

Albert Bandura

*Considered by some to be the father of behavioral psychology *Bandura focused on observational learning, or modeling, and he showed that children learn behavior through watching others. *His most famous study, known as the Bobo dolls study, established that children do not need punishment or reward to learn.

Richard Ryan

*He is co-developer (with Edward Deci) of Self-Determination Theory (SDT), an internationally researched theory of human motivation, personality development, and well-being. *Ryan has published over 250 research articles, chapters, and books on SDT, and given addresses in over 80 universities worldwide. *Intrinsic motivation and Extrinsic motivation

Martin Seligman

*Martin Seligman is a pioneer of Positive Psychology (the term itself was coined by Abraham Maslow), not simply because he has a systematic theory about why happy people are happy, but because he uses the scientific method to explore it. *Seligman's conclusion is that happiness has three dimensions that can be cultivated: the Pleasant Life, the Good Life, and the Meaningful Life. *The genius of Seligman's theory is that it reconciles two conflicting views of human happiness, the individualistic approach, which emphasises that we should take care of ourselves and nurture our own strengths, and the altruistic approach, which tends to downplay individuality and emphasizes sacrifice for the greater purpose.

Ivan Pavlov

*Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov had conducted experiments demonstrating the conditioning process in dogs. *Together with operant conditioning, classical conditioning became the foundation of Behaviorism, a school of psychology which was dominant in the mid-20th century and is still an important influence on the practice of psychological therapy and the study of animal behaviour (ethology). *Classical conditioning

B.F Skinner

*Skinner was heavily influenced by the work of John B. Watson as well as early behaviorist pioneers Ivan Pavlov and Edward Thorndike *onducted research on shaping behavior through positive and negative reinforcement and demonstrated operant conditioning *An operant conditioning chamber (also known as the Skinner box) is a laboratory apparatus used to study animal behavior

Little Albert

*The "Little Albert" experiment was a famous psychology experiment conducted by behaviorist John B. Watson and graduate student Rosalie Rayner. *The participant in the experiment was a child that Watson and Rayner called "Albert B.", but is known popularly today as Little Albert. *Some envisioned the boy growing into a man with a strange phobia of white, furry objects.

John Watson

*The "Little Albert" experiment was a famous psychology experiment conducted by behaviorist John B. Watson and graduate student Rosalie Rayner. *was a pioneering psychologist who played an important role in the development of behaviorism. *believed that psychology should primarily be the science of observable behavior.

Rosalie Rayner

*The "Little Albert" experiment was a famous psychology experiment conducted by behaviorist John B. Watson and graduate student Rosalie Rayner. *was the assistant and later wife of Johns Hopkins University psychology professor John B. Watson *she published articles about child development and familial bonds both with Watson and independently.

Edward Chace Tolman

*coined the term "cognitive map", which was an internal perceptual representation of external environmental features and landmarks. *started out as a behaviorist but acquired an interest in Gestalt theories from Kurt Lewin, and adapted some Gestalt concepts into his work. * also worked on "Latent Learning", defined as learning which is not apparent in the learner's behavior at the time of learning, but which manifests later when a suitable motivation and circumstances appear.

Giacomo Rizzolatti

*has a longstanding interest in how the cognitive functions of the brain are connected to movement. *The development of mirror neurons in humans is what allows us to learn through observation and communication and may play a role in how we understand the actions of others. *Rizzolatti's research on mirror neurons has inspired the development of "mirror treatments" to help stroke victims recover motor function as well as countless other publications that span various disciplines in psychology, neuroscience, and health.

Allan Wagner

*has been a major innovator of powerful concepts that have revolutionized theories of habituation, classical conditioning, and instrumental conditioning. * is the co-author of the influential Rescorla-Wagner model of Pavlovian conditioning (1972) as well as the standard operating procedures or "sometimes opponent process" (SOP) theory of associative learning (1981), the Affective Extension of SOP (AESOP, 1989) and the Replaced Elements Model (REM) of configural representation *in collaboration with University of Pennsylvania psychology professor Robert Rescorla

John Garcia

*is best known for discovering exceptions to the process of learning by classical conditioning. *he was studying effects of radiation on mice. He noticed that rats would avoid a new food when it was initially presented around the time of radiation exposure, which causes nausea and a general feeling of sickness. *The Garcia Effect (aka, conditioned taste aversion) is an aversion or distaste for a particular taste or smell that was associated with a negative reaction (such as nausea or vomiting).

Edward Thorndike

*is famous in psychology for his work on learning theory that lead to the development of operant conditioning within behaviorism. *studied learning in animals (usually cats). He devised a classic experiment in which he used a puzzle box to empirically test the laws of learning. *put forward a "Law of effect" which stated that any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped.

Edward Deci

*is interested in human motivation, particularly the nature and development of self-determination. *The first assumption of self-determination theory is that people are activity directed toward growth. Gaining mastery over challenges and taking in new experiences are essential for developing a cohesive sense of self. *While people are often motivated to act by external rewards such as money, prizes, and acclaim (known as extrinsic motivation), self-determination theory focuses primarily on internal sources of motivation such as a need to gain knowledge or independence (known as intrinsic motivation).