Chapter 6

Ingratiation

behaving in ways to make oneself likable to others

Impression Management

usually conscious effort by people to influence how others think of them

Which of the following is not a basic principle of self-perception? a. People are "cognitive spenders." b. People's explanatory style is related to adjustment. c. People want to receive information that is consistent with their self-views. d. People want to maintain positive feelings about the self.

A

Which of the following statements about self-efficacy is true? a. It can be developed by persevering through failure until one achieves success. b. It is something that one is born with. c. It is essentially the same as self-esteem. d. It refers to conscious efforts to make a certain impression on others.

A

Which of the following statements is not true about the self-concept? a. It is composed of one dominant belief about the self. b. It is composed of many self-beliefs. c. It is relatively stable over time. d. It influences present as well as future behavior.

A

The self-presentation strategy of ingratiation involves trying to make others a. respect you. b. fear you. c. feel sorry for you. d. like you.

B

A key difference between narcissists and individuals with high self-esteem is that __________________. a. high self-esteem individuals moderate rather than exploit self-enhancement opportunities b. people with high self-esteem have more grandiose self-views c. narcissists are aggressive without provocation d. people with high self-esteem are more sensitive to criticism than narcissists

A

Illusions of control and the "better than average effect" are examples of ________________. a. self-enhancement b. self-improvement c. self-assessment d. self-delusion

A

Unlike the vast majority of her co-workers who indulged in the delicious cheesecake, Sharon resisted the temptation to overeat at the departmental luncheon. After the luncheon, employees were assigned to groups and asked to discuss and report back on some strategic planning tasks. The likelihood that Sharon would give up more quickly in her group than her co-workers is consistent with ____________. a. the ego depletion model of self-regulation b. the ego integrity model of self-efficacy c. the unstable self-control model d. the poor self-control model

A

Darryl has been studying for his statistics class all week and is quite tired. Yet, he feels as though he needs a bit more study time to master the concepts. He is torn between putting in another couple hours at the library and taking a break at the local coffee shop. This dilemma represents ______________. a. self-handicapping b. self-regulation c. self-efficacy d. self-esteem

B

Mismatches between one's actual and ought selves result in lower self-esteem and a. dejection-related feelings. b. agitation-related feelings. c. feelings of self-enhancement. d. no particular feelings.

B

Tenisha earned a C on her psychology paper. She began to reassure herself that at least she did not get a D like Barry. This is an example of which strategy for self-enhancement? a. Self-serving bias b. Downward comparison c. Self-handicapping d. Reflected glory

B

The best way for parents, teachers, and coaches to instill high self-efficacy in children is to ____________________. a. set low, attainable goals to increase the probability of frequent success b. set high, attainable goals and encourage children to persevere until they succeed and learn from their mistakes c. set high, unattainable goals that teach children to persevere even when they cannot succeed d. set high, unattainable goals that teach children how to accept defeat

B

Which of the following must be kept in mind when one interprets the results of research on self-esteem? a. Self-esteem is only a fair predictor of happiness. b. One cannot draw causal conclusions regarding self-esteem based on the research. c. It is a fascinating topic related to psychological adjustment. d. Self-esteem is a popular concept in psychology.

B

Suppose you have been driving now for at least 5 years. Driving is no longer a new task for you, and you are more confident behind the wheel than you were when you were practicing on a learner's permit. Nowadays, driving a car to work in normal traffic conditions is an example of a cognitive task that is done mainly by _____________. a. instinct b. controlled processing c. automatic processing d. mindful processing

C

A woman who describes herself as "frank and honest" but actually lies frequently is manifesting her ____________________. a. self-concept b. self-conflict c. self-discrepancy d. self-ambivalence

C

Aggression in response to self-esteem threats is more likely to occur in people who are a. high in self-esteem. b. low in self-esteem. c. narcissistic. d. self-defeating.

C

Dave is very strategic in his workplace attire. On some days he wears a full three-piece suit, other days a shirt and tie (no jacket), while other days he wears an oxford shirt and khakis (no tie). When asked about his stylishness and variations in his wardrobe during the week, he explains that he dresses according to the type of meeting he has on the schedule that particular day. That is, full suit for meeting with executive staff, shirt and tie for with faculty, and no tie for student meetings. Dave's attire strategy likely indicates he is a ________________. a. high approval seeker b. low approval seeker c. high self-monitor d. low self-monitor

C

If you have ever felt anxious because you knew that you should have visited family rather than going out with friends, psychologists have an explanation for this conflict. According to the self-discrepancy literature, you experienced disconnect between your actual self and your __________ self. a. unrealistic b. possible c. ought d. social

C

Imagine that you have a snarky professor who wears a T-shirt on the first day of class that reads, "It's in the syllabus." He often wears a different color version of the shirt during the first week of classes and points to it when students have a question that could be answered by the syllabus. In terms of running his classes, Dr. Snark is very critical of students and gives student feedback little consideration. When asked why he does not read student comments, he remarks, "Why would I? They don't know anything, and more importantly, it's MY class. I'm in charge." If you were to apply the parenting styles literature to Dr. Snark's teaching practices, it would be MOST accurate to characterize his teaching as _________________. a. permissive b. authoritative c. authoritarian d. neglectful

C

Keisha is upset when a textbook is stolen, but she feels better after she hears that a classmate's book bag, including her cell phone and wallet, was stolen. This is an example of a. the self-serving bias. b. basking in reflected glory. c. downward comparison. d. self-handicapping.

C

Low self-esteem is associated with a. happiness. b. high trust of others. c. self-concept confusion. d. recovering after failure experiences.

C

Margaret earned a C on her psychology paper. She became discouraged when she found that Alicia earned an A. But later Margaret became motivated to reach Alicia's level of writing. This is an example of which strategy for self-enhancement? a. Self-serving bias b. Downward comparison c. Upward comparison d. Reflected glory

C

People who attribute their setbacks to internal, stable, and global factors are exhibiting a(n) _____________ explanatory style. a. irrational b. coherent c. pessimistic d. optimistic

C

The tendency to sabotage one's performance to provide an excuse for possible failure is called ________________. a. self-centered bias b. self-serving bias c. self-handicapping d. basking in reflected failure

C

Which of the following is the best description of the way that men and women tend to get their social needs met? a. Both men and women display relational interdependence. b. Both men and women display collective interdependence. c. Men are more likely to display collective interdependence, and women are more likely to display relational interdependence. d. Women are more likely to display collective interdependence, and men are more likely to display relational interdependence.

C

A person reared in a collectivist culture is likely to have a(n) self-view, whereas a person reared in an individualistic culture is likely to have a(n) self-view. a. self-discrepant; self-consistent b. self-consistent; self-discrepant c. independent; interdependent d. interdependent; independent

D

Research has demonstrated that self-efficacy is related to all EXCEPT which of the following? a. Career choice b. Academic success c. Job performance d. Marital satisfaction

D

Speculation by Gentile and colleagues is that ____________ explains women's __________ self-esteem for physical appearance since 1980. a. social media usage; higher b. traditional gender role norms; lower c. narcissism; higher d. increased media focus; lower

D

Tomiko tries to take the perfect selfies and most beautiful landscape shots so that she can present herself on Instagram as always having fun and going to exciting places. Her strategy would be considered which of the following? a. Ingratiation b. Self-monitoring c. False consensus d. Impression management

D

Which of the following statements regarding self-esteem is NOT consistent with the empirical evidence? a. Self-esteem is strongly related to happiness. b. High self-esteem is a reliable cause of good academic performance. c. Self-esteem is unrelated to how quickly love relationships end. d. Objective data gathered from peers indicate that people with high self-esteem are more likable and make better impressions than those with low self-esteem.

D

Which of the following will not help you build higher self-esteem? a. Minimizing negative self-talk b. Comparing yourself with those who are the best in a given area c. Working to improve yourself d. Approaching others with positive expectations

D

Internal Attribution

ascription of the causes of behavior to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings

External Attribution

ascription of the causes of behavior to situational demands and environmental constraints

Self-concept

collection of beliefs about one's own basic nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior

Downward Social Comparison

defensive tendency to compare oneself with someone whose troubles are more serious than one's own

Self-monitoring

degree to which people attend to and control the impressions they make on others

Social Comparison Theory

idea that individuals measure themselves against others in order to assess their abilities and opinions

Public Self

image presented to others in social interactions

Self-attribution

inference that people draw about the cause of their own behavior

Self-discrepancy

mismatch between the various perceptions a person has about their own characteristics

Self-efficacy

one's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes

Self-esteem

one's overall assessment of one's worth as a person

Collectivism

principle of putting group goals ahead of personal goals

Individualism

principle of putting personal goals ahead of group goals

Self-regulation

process of directing and controlling one's behavior to achieve desired goals

Self-defeating Behavior

seemingly intentional actions that thwart a person's self-interest

Possible Selves

set of one's conceptions about the kind of person one might become in the future

Reference Group

set of people who are used as a gauge in making social comparisons

Self-serving Bias

tendency to attribute one's successes to personal factors and one's failures to situational factors

Basking in Reflected Glory

tendency to enhance one's image by publicly announcing one's association with those who are successful

Self-handicapping

tendency to sabotage one's performance to provide an excuse for possible failure

Self-enhancement

tendency to seek positive (and reject negative) information about one's personal qualities and behavior

Explanatory Style

tendency to use similar causal ascriptions for a wide variety of events in one's life