Chapter 6: Achievement
ExternalAttribution
Cause assigned to a behavior that originates in the environment.
Internal Attribution
Cause assigned to a behavior that originates within the person.
Unstable attribution
Cause for a behavior that may change with time, day, or place.
Stable Attribution
Cause for behavior that does not change over time
How does the expectancy/value model of achievement affect how we pursue our interests?
EXPECTANCY/VALUE MODEL OF ACHIEVEMENT: Men and women's achievement- related choices are a function of their performance expectancies (Will i succeed?) and the value they attach to the area (Is this important? Do i care about it?) -performance expectancies and values influenced by gender-socialization.
How are fear of success and achievement related?
FEAR OF SUCCESS: The association of negative consequences with achievement. 2 REQUIREMENTS FOR FEAR OF SUCCESS 1) Person must perceive achievement as possible 2) Person must associate achievement with negative consequences.
What are some concerns about future careers for female students?
More likely to change majors and careers later on. Maternity task- because of the fact that women have to take time off to get pregnant seem to be penalized for that.
Understand how parents' stereotypes lead to different types of attributions for girls and boys success in different scholastic domains
Parents are more likely to attribute math success in males as talent and girls failure because of the lack of ability. Mothers are more likely to attribute girls' math failure to task difficulty. Parents were found to use more controlling behavior with girls (using rewards for doing schoolwork) Parents use both controlling behavior and autonomy- facilitating (emphasizing they can do it on their own.) with boys. Parents beliefs influence children's actual academic achievements, independent of actual grades. Parents encourage the pursuit of different activities by their emotional reactions to performance.
What are the factors that influence sex differences in self confidence?
Sex differences mostly in masculine tasks Women underestimate their performance and lack self-confidence in masculine domains Lack of self-confidence could contribute to underrepresentation of women in math, science
Stereotype threat
The salience of these kinds of stereotypes has a negative impact on performance
How do girls and boys interpret feedback from teachers, both negative and positive?
When girls receive negative feedback, it is more likely to be related to their schoolwork than work-irrelevant domains, such as conduct appearance, and girls take it seriously Boys are able to discount negative feedback because it usually has nothing to do with the intellectual aspects of their performance. Thus,give themselves reasoning for the negative feedback. Positive feedback, girls received feedback pertaining to nonintellectual aspects of their performance. Girls are then unsure if they should take the comment seriously Both boys and girls who received the negative behavioral feedback expressed less interest in the project and liked the than the boys and girls who received only the positive competence feedback.
How does stereo type threat affect women in particular on math tests?
When the stereotype is primed that women do not perform as well as men on math, women perform less. If the stereotype is not primed the sex difference does not exist.
Be familiar with how men and women deal with positive and negative feedback
Women are influenced more than men by feedback they receive from observers about their performance. Could stem from lack of self-confidence part of women or openness to others. Women's self-esteem slightly improved after receiving positive evaluation, but decline substantially when receiving negative feedback. And took the evaluation process more seriously. Men who received negative feedback appeared to prepare themselves psychologically for the upcoming evaluation by derogating the source of feedback. and the feedback system. This concerns means feed back may be different from male to female
What may contribute to the appearance of lesser confidence in women?
Women would want to appear modest because they are concerned about how their superior performance may affect someone else's self-esteem. Women feel uncomfortable promoting themselves and engage in a less self-promotion than men.