Chapter 6 bone tissue and the skeletal system
Calcification
process that hardens bones by adding calcium phosphate and collagen
Hematopoiesis
production of blood cells
Cartilage (where bones move example rib cage/ joints)
replaced, A semi-ridged form of connective tissues, provides flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement
Repair
to fix
Bipeds
two-legged(humans, kangaroos)
Digitigrade
walking on toes(cats, dogs)
Trabeculae
Lattice-like network of matrix spikes where the lucunae and osteocytes are found from spongy bone, provides strength and balance
Yellow marrow
Long bones, Contains adipose tissue; the triglycerides stored in the adipocytes of the tissue can serve as a source of energy
Lamellar bone
Main type of bone in a mature skeleton characterized by an orderly arrangement of collagen bundles and their cells
Osteocyte
Maintenance cells The primary cell of mature bone and the most common type of bone cell
Endosteum
Medullary cavity has a delicate membraneous lining where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occur
Zone of calcified matrix
Most of the chondrocytes in the zone closest to the diaphysis, are dead because the matrix around them has calcified
Ligaments attach
Muscle to bone
Calcium
Needed to make calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate, which forms the hydroxyapatite crystals that give bone it's hardness
Oblique
Occurs at an angle that is not 90 degrees
Transverse
Occurs straight across the long axis of the bone
Impacted
One fragment is driven into the other, usually as a result of compression
Irregular bones
One that does not have an easily characterized shape (vertebrae that support spinal cord and protect is from compressive forces, facial bones containing sinuses- paranasal sinuses)
Short bones
One that is cube-like in shape, being approximately equal in length, width, and thickness (carpals of the writers and tarsals of the ankles) provide stability and support as well as some limited motion
Meatus
Opening into canal, external auditory meatus
Osteoid
Osteoblasts secrete this, uncalcified matrix, which calcifies (hardens) within a few days as mineral salts are deposited on it, thereby entrapping the osteoblasts within
Canal
Passage in bone, auditory canal
External callus
Periosteal chondrocytes and osteoblasts create this, made of hyaline cartilage and bone, respectively, around the outside of the break (stabilizes the fracture)
Process
Prominence feature, transverse process of vertebrae
Head
Prominent rounded surface, head of femur
Sex hormones
Promote osteoblastic activity and production of bone matrix; responsible for adolescent growth spurt; promote conversion of epiphyseal plate to epiphyseal line
protuberance
Protruding, chin
Omega-3 fatty acids
Reduces inflammation that may interfere with osteoblast function
intramembranous ossification
Replaces membranes in skull, During this compact and spongy bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal (undifferentiated) connective tissue. (Flat bones of face, most of the cranial bones, and clavicles)
Open reduction
Requires surgery to expose the fracture and reset the bone
Remodeling
Resorption of old or damaged bone takes place on the same surface where osteoblasts lay new bone to replace that which is resorted (injury, exercise, and other activities lead to this)
Crest
Ridge, illiac crest
Tuberosity
Rough surface, deltoid tuberosity
Condyle
Rounded surface, occipital condyles
Central canal(Haversian canal)
Running down the center of each osteon, which contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
Comminuted
Several breaks result in many small pieces between two large segments
Spine
Sharp process, ischial spine
Line
Slight, elongated ridge, temporal lines of the parietal bones
Fissure
Slit through bone, auricular fissure
Nutrient foramen
Small openings in the diaphysis
Fovea
Small pit, fovea capitis of the femur
Tubercle
Small, rounded process, tubercle of humerus
Store adipose tissue
Some marrow of long bones is termed "yellow" marrow under normal conditions the function of the yellow marrow is to
Calatriol
Stimulates absorption of calcium and phosphate from digestive tract
Thyroxine
Stimulates bone growth and promotes synthesis of bone matrix
Parathyroid hormone
Stimulates osteoclast proliferation and resorption of bone by osteoclasts; promotes reabsorption of calcium by kidney tubules; indirectly increases calcium absorption by small intestine
Fluoride
Structural component of bone
Magnesium
Structural component of bone
Vitamin k
Supports bone mineralization; may have synergistic effect with vitamin D
Skeletal system
The body system composed of bones and cartilage and performs the following critical functions of the human body (supports the body, facilitates movement, protects internal organs, produces blood cells, stores and releases minerals and fats)
Osteoblast
The bone fell responsible for forming new bone and is found in the growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and the endosteum. Synthesize and secrete the collagen matrix and calcium salts
Zone of maturation and hypertrophy
The chondrocytes are older and larger than those in the proliferative zone
Modeling
The erosion of old bone along the medullary cavity and the deposition of new bone beneath the periosteum not only increase the diameter of the diaphysis but also increase the diameter of the medullary cavity
Fracture
A broken bone
Hypercalcemia
A condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium, the nervous system is underactive, which results in lethargy, sluggish reflexes, constipation and loss of appetite, confusion, and in severe cases, coma
Hypocalcemia
A condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium, can have an adverse effect on a number of different body systems including circulation, muscles, nerves, and bone
Osteoporosis
A disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass that occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation, a common occurrence as the body ages
Orthopedist
A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders and injuries related to musculoskeletal system
Periosteum
A fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of the bone. Contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone, tendons and ligaments attach to the bone nerve
open or compound fracture
A fracture in which at least one end of the broken bone tears through the skin; carries a high risk of infection
Closed or simple
A fracture in which the skin remains intact
Bone (osseous tissue)
A hard, dense connective tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton, the support structure of the body
Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
A layer of hyaline (transparent) cartilage in a growing bone, cartilage is eventually replaced by osseous tissue and becomes an epiphyseal line after puberty
Perichondrium
A membrane that covers the cartilage
Greenstick
A partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken
Sesamoid bones
A small, round bone that's shaped like a sesame seed (forms in tendons, helps to protect tendons from compressive forces, found in feet, hands, and knees, and the patellae)
Lacuna
A space where every osteocytes is located maintain the mineral concentration of the matrix via the secretion of the enzymes
secondary ossification center
After birth, this same sequence of events (matrix mineralization, death of chondrocytes, invasion of blood vessels from the periosteum, and seeding with Osteogenic cells that become osteoblasts) occurs in the epiphyseal region, and this is what each of these centers of activity is called
Sinus
Air-filled space in bone, nasal sinus
Projection
An area of a bone that projects above the surface of the bone, these are attachment points for tendons and ligaments. In general their size and shape is an indication of the forces exerted through the attachment to the bone
endoskeleton
An internal skeleton(humans)
hole
An opening/groove in the bone that allows blood vessels and nerves to enter the bone, their size and shape reflect the size of the vessels and nerves that penetrate the bone at these points
Invertebrates
Animals without backbones(bugs, jelly fish, microbes)
endochondral ossification
Bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage(bones at the base of the skull, long bones)
Spiral
Bone segments are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion
Primary ossification center
By the second/ third month of fetal life, bone cell development and ossification ramps up and creates this, it's a region deep in the periosteal collar where ossification begins
Dipole (spongy bone)
Cancellous bone/ trabecular bone, a very porous type of bone. Highly vascularized and contains red bone marrow. Usually located at the ends of the long bones (epiphyses)
Osteogenic cells
Cell creation, bone repair+growth, Develop into osteoblasts, deep layers of the periosteum and the marrow
Canaliculi
Channels within the bone matrix that nutrients via long cytoplasmic processes that extend through it
Ossification center
Clusters of early osteoblasts
Bone matrix
Collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite are the primary constituents of
Compact bone
Cortical bone, forms the hard external layer of all bones and surrounds the medullary cavity, or bone marrow. It' provides protection and strength to bones. Consists of units called patrons/ Haversian systems
Long bone
Cylindrical in shape, being longer than it is wide(humorous, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, phalanges, metatarsals, phalanges) they move when muscles contract
Osteon (haversian system)
The microscopic structural unit of compact bone, each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified matrix called lamellae
Proliferative zone
The next layer toward the diaphysis and contains stacks of slightly larger chondrocytes
Osteogenic cell
The only bone cells that divide
Reserve zone
The region closest to the epiphyseal end of plate and contains small chondrocytes the matrix, these chondrocytes do not participate in bone growth but secure the epiphyseal plate to the osseuous tissue of the epiphysis
Tendons
The sheaths of tissue that connect bones to muscles
Diaphysis
The tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone
Hyaline cartilage
The type of cartilage associated with bone function and development is
Perforating canal(volkmanns canal)
The vessels and nerves of the central canal branch off at a right angle through this, to extend to the periosteum and endosteum
Compact bone
The walls of the diaphysis are composed of this, dense + hard
Epiphysis
The wider section at each end of the bone which is filled with spongy bone, red marrow fills the spaces in the spongy bone
Flat bones
Typically thin and curved(cranial/ skull bones, scapulae/ shoulder blades, sternum/breast bone, and ribs) serve as points of attachment for muscles and protect organs
Fossa
Elongated basin, mandibular fossa
Red marrow
Flat bones, Where hematopoiesis takes place. Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are all produced in the red marrow
Facet
Flat surface, vertebrae
Sulcus
Groove, sigmoid sulcus of the temporal bones
Growth
Grow at the epiphyseal plate
Foramen
Hole through the bone, foramen magnum in the occipital bone
Medullary cavity
Hollow region of the diaphysis, which is filled will yellow marrow
Protection of the brain and soft organs
Important functions of the skeletal system
Both spongy and compact
In which type of bone are osteoblasts and osteoclasts present
Growth hormone
Increases length of long bones, enhances mineralization, and improves bone density
Calatonin
Inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates calcium uptake by bones
Plantigrade
Walking on the soles of the feet, like a human or a bear.
Unuligrade
Walks on nails/hooves (horses)
Closed reduction
When a broken bone is manipulated and set into its natural position without surgery
Fracture hematoma
When bone is broken, damage to the local vasculature causes hematoma development and triggers initiation of the repair process
Epiphyseal line
When the chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate cease their proliferation and bone replaces the cartilage, longitudinal growth stops this is what remains of the epiphyseal plate
metaphysis
Where each epiphysis meets the diaphysis and contains the epiphyseal plate
articular cartilage
Where the epiphyses meet other bones to form joints, the epiphyses is covered in this, a thin layer of cartilage that reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber
Articulation
Where two bone surfaces come together, these surfaces tend to conform to one another; such as being rounded and the other cupped to facilitate the function of the articulation
Epiphysis
Which of the following refers to the expanded end of a long bone
Internal callus
Within 48 hours after the fracture, chondrocytes from the endosteum have created this by secreting a fibrocartilaginous matrix between the two ends of the broken bone
Tendon
a band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone is
Quadrupeds
animals that walk on all fours(dogs, cats)
Vertebrates
animals with backbones(animals, dogs, cats)
Osteoclast
cell responsible for resorbing bone
2 parts of the long bone
diaphysis and epiphysis
exoskeleton
hard protective structure developed outside the body, as the shell of a lobster(crab, lobster, shrimp)
Vitamin d3
needed for calcium absorption