Chapter 6 Bones and Bone Structure

89) Which of the following statements about Marfans syndrome is false? A) It results in short, stubby fingers. B) It results from a mutation.C) It affects connective tissue genes. D) It affects epiphyseal cartilages. E) None of the answers is correct.

A) It results in short, stubby fingers.

97) Which is greater?A) blood calcium levels when parathyroid hormone is increased B) blood calcium levels when parathyroid hormone is decreased

A) blood calcium levels when parathyroid hormone is increased

13) A shallow depression on a bone is termed a A) fossa. B) sulcus. C) facet. D) fissure. E) line.

A) fossa.

77) When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones A) grow longer. B) grow wider. C) become shorter.D) become more porous and weaker. E) become thicker.

A) grow longer.

14) The humerus is an example of a(n) ________ bone. A) long B) shortC) flatD) irregular E) sesamoid

A) long

28) Fat is stored within the A) medullary cavity. B) metaphysis. C) spongy bone. D) epiphysis. E) diaphysis.

A) medullary cavity.

47) Stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts are important in A) osteogenesis. B) bone resorption.C) releasing hydrochloric acid. D) derived from macrophages. E) releasing hydroxyapatite.

A) osteogenesis.

67) Blood is distributed from the surface of a bone to deeper central canals through channels known as A) perforating canals. B) concentric lamellae. C) osteons. D) lamellae. E) trabeculae.

A) perforating canals.

52) The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from many directions is ________ bone. A) spongyB) trabeculae C) compact D) lamellar E) irregular

A) spongy

2) Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system? A) tendons B) bonesC) ligaments D) cartilages

A) tendons

16) A small rough bump on bone where a tendon attaches is called a A) tuberosity. B) ramus.C) condyle. D) diaphysis. E) process.

A) tuberosity.

29) ________ prevents damaging bone-to-bone contact within movable joints. A) Yellow bone marrow B) Articular cartilage C) Red bone marrow D) Spongy bone E) The medullary cavity

B) Articular cartilage

100) ________ fractures are completely internal; they do not break through the skin. A) Open or compound B) Closed or simple C) CompressionD) Recurrent E) Comminuted

B) Closed or simple

48) ________ are stronger than steel when stretched. A) Lamellae B) Collagen fibersC) Mesenchymal cells D) Hydroxyapatite cells E) Lacunae

B) Collagen fibers

4) Which of the following is not true of the skeletal system?A) It interacts with the muscular system to provide movement. B) It interacts with the lymphatic system to regulate calcium levels.C) It interacts with the nervous system by providing protection to the spinal cord. D) It interacts with the cardiovascular system by providing blood cells. E) It interacts with the digestive system by absorbing more calcium when needed.

B) It interacts with the lymphatic system to regulate calcium levels.

60) The trabeculae of spongy boneA) are organized parallel to the long axis of the bone. B) are organized along stress lines. C) are composed mostly of cartilage. D) will collapse under stress. E) are concentrated in the cortex of the diaphysis.

B) are organized along stress lines.

78) When estrogen is increased in females at puberty, epiphyseal plates A) widen. B) become narrower.C) increase slowly.D) accelerate rapidly, but mostly in thickness. E) are hardly affected.

B) become narrower.

69) During appositional growth, A) bones grow longer. B) bones grow wider.C) bone is replaced by cartilage.D) the epiphysis fuses with the diaphysis. E) osteoblasts are overwhelmed by osteocytes.

B) bones grow wider.

74) Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n) A) fibrous connective-tissue model. B) cartilage model.C) membranous model. D) calcified model. E) osteoblasts model.

B) cartilage model.

26) The shaft of a long bone is called the A) epiphysis. B) diaphysis.C) epiphyseal plate. D) metaphysis. E) lamella.

B) diaphysis.

73) What structure allows a bone to grow in length? A) lacunae B) epiphyseal cartilages C) periosteal budD) metaphysis E) trabeculae

B) epiphyseal cartilages

99) After a fracture of the diaphysis has healed, the thickened region that results is called the A) epiphyseal plate. B) external callus. C) dense tuberosity. D) condyle. E) fracture facet.

B) external callus.

11) A rounded hole through a bone is termed a A) ramus. B) foramen. C) linea.D) tubercle. E) facet.

B) foramen.

46) In bone, the calcium phosphate forms crystals of A) calcium carbonate. B) hydroxyapatite. C) calcium apatite. D) carbonite. E) osteocyte.

B) hydroxyapatite.

36) The space occupied by an osteocyte is called a A) Volkmanns canal. B) lacuna.C) trabecula.D) Haversian canal. E) Venetian canal.

B) lacuna.

71) During the process of ________, an existing tissue is replaced by bone. A) osteolysis B) ossificationC) appositional growth D) deposition E) perforation

B) ossification

96) Which is greater?A) osteoclast activity when calcitonin is present B) osteoclast activity when calcitonin is absent

B) osteoclast activity when calcitonin is absent

38) Bone is composed of ________ percent cells. A) 25 B) 10 C) 2 D) 15 E) 50

C) 2

7) A rib is an example of a ________ bone. A) long B) short C) flatD) sutural E) sesamoid

C) flat

31) Which of the following best matches osteocyte? A) stem cell B) dissolves matrixC) mature bone cellD) secretes organic matrix E) produce blood cells

C) mature bone cell

87) Intramembranous ossification begins with differentiation of ________ cells. A) osteoclast B) osteoprogenitor C) mesenchymal D) osteoblast E) osteocyte

C) mesenchymal

32) Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called A) osteocytes. B) osteoprogenitor cells. C) osteoblasts.D) osteoclasts. E) chondrocytes.

C) osteoblasts.

53) The structural units of mature compact bone are called A) lacunae. B) osteocytes. C) osteons. D) canaliculi. E) lamellae.

C) osteons.

55) In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are A) radial. B) anterior. C) parallel. D) proximal. E) diagonal.

C) parallel.

64) The structures labeled 3 are the result of which process? A) bone cells adding matrix between existing osteons B) surface growth of boneC) recycling of compact bone D) recycling of spongy bone E) osteoporosis

C) recycling of compact bone

A chamber within a bone normally filled with air is a A) meatus. B) fissure. C) sinus. D) sulcus. E) facet.

C) sinus.

9) Small, oddly shaped bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are called ________ bones. A) irregular B) sesamoid C) sutural D) sagittal E) tendon

C) sutural

75) Secondary ossification centers occur in A) the diaphysis. B) the periosteum. C) the epiphyses. D) the metaphyses. E) dermal bones.

C) the epiphyses.

5) Which of the following bones is classified as irregular in shape? A) patella B) frontalC) vertebra D) metatarsal E) ulna

C) vertebra

54) Which of the following is not a characteristic of compact bone?A) The matrix of the bone is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts. B) The matrix of the bone contains osteocytes.C) Narrow channels pass through the matrix to allow for an exchange of nutrients. D) It is the site of hematopoiesis. E) It contains osteons.

D) It is the site of hematopoiesis.

49) ________ free calcium from bone to maintain blood calcium levels. A) Osteoblasts B) OsteocytesC) Osteogenic cells D) Osteoclasts

D) Osteoclasts

44) ________ cells, which differentiate into osteoblasts, are located in the endosteum and inner cellular layer of the periosteum. A) Osteocyte B) Osteoclast C) OsteoidD) Osteogenic E) Osteoblast

D) Osteogenic

33) ________ are stem cells that develop into osteoblasts. A) Osteoclasts B) OsteocytesC) Osteomedullary cells D) Osteogenic cells E) Squamous osteons

D) Osteogenic cells

98) The intestinal response to PTH secretion when calcium ion levels are low is that calcium is A) released. B) excreted.C) conserved.D) absorbed quickly. E) absorbed slowly.

D) absorbed quickly.

85) When testosterone is increased in males at puberty, epiphyseal plates A) widen. B) become narrower. C) increase slowly. D) accelerate rapidly E) are hardly affected.

D) accelerate rapidly

50) The central canal of an osteon contains A) bone marrow. B) osteocytes.C) concentric lamellae. D) blood vessels. E) lacunae.

D) blood vessels.

3) The most abundant mineral in the human body is A) sodium. B) potassium. C) phosphorus. D) calcium. E) hydrogen.

D) calcium.

27) The articular cartilage of a typical long bone covers portions of what part of the bone? A) metaphysis B) diaphysisC) epiphysisD) nutrient foramen E) medullary cavity

D) metaphysis.

17) A projection at an angle on a bone is termed a A) trochlea. B) canal. C) condyle. D) crest. E) ramus.

E) ramus.

1) Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? A) body support B) calcium homeostasisC) protection of internal organs D) blood cell production E) temperature regulation

E) temperature regulation

79) The following are important steps in the process of endochondral ossification. 1. Blood vessels grow around the edges of the cartilage and perichondrium differentiates into osteoblasts.2. Capillaries and osteoblasts migrate to the epithyses forming the secondary ossification centers. 3. Chondrocytes enlarge and the surrounding matrix begins to calcify.4. Remodeling continues and the shaft becomes thicker.5. Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage and invade the central region forming the primary ossification center. What is the correct order for these events? A) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2 B) 1, 3, 5, 4, 2 C) 1,5,3,4,2 D) 2, 3, 1, 5, 4 E) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2

A) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2

59) In compact bone, the osteons areA) arranged in concentric lamellae. B) lined up perpendicular to the long axis. C) arranged in an irregular pattern.D) separated by medullary spaces. E) lacking in the diaphysis.

A) arranged in concentric lamellae.

95) Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone A) calcitonin. B) thyroid hormone.C) parathyroid hormone. D) growth hormone. E) testosterone.

A) calcitonin.

63) What are the structures labeled 4? A) concentric lamellae B) perforating canals C) interstitial lamellae D) trabeculae E) periosteum

A) concentric lamellae

23) A prominent ridge, as seen on the pelvis, is a A) crest. B) fossa. C) line. D) spine. E) ramus.

A) crest.

70) The lining of the medullary cavity is called the A) endosteum. B) periosteum. C) epimysium. D) perimysium. E) perichondrium.

A) endosteum.

84) Identify the structure labeled 2. A) epiphysis B) diaphysisC) metaphysisD) marrow cavity E) trabeculae

A) epiphysis

39) The lacunae of osseous tissue contain A) blood cells. B) osteocytes.C) chondroblasts. D) bone marrow. E) capillaries.

B) osteocytes.

41) The ________ interactions allow bone to be strong, somewhat flexible, and highly resistant to shattering. A) collagen-fiber B) protein-crystal C) mineral-crystal D) protein-protein E) hydroxyapatite-crystal

B) protein-crystal

82) What process is shown at 6? A) primary ossification B) secondary ossification C) length growthD) width growth E) fracture repair

B) secondary ossification

8) Bones that develop within tendons are called ________ bones. A) irregular B) sesamoid C) sutural D) Wormian E) tendon

B) sesamoid

6) The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones. A) long B) shortC) flatD) irregular E) sesamoid

B) short

51) The interconnecting struts and plates found in spongy bone are called A) osteons. B) trabeculae.C) concentric lamellae. D) interstitial lamellae. E) lacunae.

B) trabeculae.

10) The large proximal projection on the femur is termed the A) ramus. B) trochanter. C) tuberosity. D) tubercle. E) condyle.

B) trochanter.

21) The adult skeleton contains ________ major bones. A) 114 B) 167 C) 206 D) 276 E) 311

C) 206

80) Where does endochondral lengthening occur?A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

C) 3

88) The following are major steps in the process of intramembranous ossification. 1. Clusters of osteoblasts form osteoid that becomes mineralized. 2. Osteoblasts differentiate within mesenchymal connective tissue. 3. Spicules of bone radiate out from the ossification centers.4. Mesenchymal cells aggregate. What is the correct order for these events?

C) 4,2,1,3

58) ________ bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles. A) Short B) Irregular C) Spongy D) Compact E) Long

C) Spongy

43) How would denaturing collagen from the bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone? A) The bone would be less flexible. B) The bone would be stronger.C) The bone would be more brittle. D) The bone would be more flexible. E) The bone would be less compressible.

C) The bone would be more brittle.

91) Excessive growth hormone after puberty could result in A) osteoporosis. B) osteopenia. C) acromegaly. D) gigantism. E) dwarfism.

C) acromegaly.

34) Through the action of osteoclasts, A) new bone is formed. B) an organic framework is formed. C) bony matrix is dissolved.D) osteoid is calcified. E) fractured bones regenerate

C) bony matrix is dissolved.

66) Osteocytes are embedded in a dense matrix of hydroxyapatite. Which of the following describes how osteocytes receive nutrients? A) by osmosis from neighboring osteocytes. B) by diffusion from neighboring osteoblasts cells traveling through lamellae. C) by diffusion from nutrients released from vessels in the central canal that travel through canaliculi. D) by diffusion from nutrients released from vessels in the central canal that travel through perforating canals. E) by diffusion directly from nutrients stored in the periosteum.

C) by diffusion from nutrients released from vessels in the central canal that travel through canaliculi.

40) The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called A) central canals. B) lacunae.C) canaliculi.D) medullary cavities. E) foramina.

C) canaliculi.

19) The expanded articular end of an epiphysis that is separated from the shaft by a narrower neck is termed a A) facet.B) diaphysis. C) head.D) tubercle. E) condyle.

C) head.

56) The femur can withstand ________ times the body's weight without breaking. A) 3 B) 5 to 10 C) 8D) 10 to 15 E) 30

D) 10 to 15

61) Which structure is termed a central canal? A) 1 B) 2 C) 6 D) 7 E) 8

D) 7

92) Bone plays a central role in the regulation of blood levels of A) potassium. B) iron.C) sulfate. D) calcium. E) sodium.

D) calcium.

35) Which of the following is not present in bone? A) calcium phosphate B) collagen fibersC) calcium carbonate D) chondroitin sulfate E) hydroxyapatite

D) chondroitin sulfate

68) In appositional growth, successive layers of what structure are added to the outer surface of the bone? A) osteonsB) perforating fibers C) osteoclastic cryptsD) circumferential lamellae E) None of the answers is correct.

D) circumferential lamellae

12) The smooth, rounded articular process of a bone is termed a A) crest. B) ridge. C) spine. D) condyle. E) trochlea.

D) condyle.

93) The hormone calcitoninA) stimulates osteoclast activity. B) decreases the rate of calcium excretion.C) decreases the rate of calcium absorption.D) decreases the level of calcium ion in the blood. E) stimulates osteoblasts and inhibits osteoclasts.

D) decreases the level of calcium ion in the blood.

90) Excessive growth hormone prior to puberty could result in A) osteoporosis. B) osteopenia. C) rickets.D) gigantism. E) dwarfism.

D) gigantism.

81) What type of tissue occurs at 1? A) elastic tissue B) fibrocartilageC) boneD) hyaline cartilage E) marrow tissue

D) hyaline cartilage

76) When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, A) puberty begins. B) interstitial bone growth begins.C) appositional bone growth begins.D) long bones have reached their adult length. E) the bone becomes more brittle.

D) long bones have reached their adult length.

24) The medullary cavity of bones contains A) compact bone. B) osteons. C) cartilage. D) marrow. E) periosteum.

D) marrow.

25) The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft is known as the A) diaphysis. B) epiphysis. C) osseophysis. D) metaphysis. E) medullary cavity.

D) metaphysis.

30) The opening in the diaphysis through which blood vessels provide oxygen to osteons is named the ________ foramen. A) metaphyseal B) medullary C) epiphyseal D) nutrient E) articular

D) nutrient

83) Identify the structure at 4. A) intramembranous bone B) spongy boneC) hyaline cartilage D) periosteum E) mesenchyme

D) periosteum

15) A ________ is a smooth, grooved bone process shaped like a pulley. A) tuberosity B) fossaC) trochanter D) trochlea E) meatus

D) trochlea

62) Which structure is characteristic of spongy bone? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

E) 5

65) Where would osteoclasts be most active? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

E) 5

37) ________ accounts for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone. A) Water B) Calcium carbonate C) Collagen fibersD) Fluoride E) Calcium phosphate

E) Calcium phosphate

45) ________ is the organic component of the matrix in developing or repairing bone. A) Collagen B) Hydroxyapatite C) LamellaD) Osteocyte E) Osteoid

E) Osteoid

57) ________ bone does not contain capillaries, but receives nutrients through its canaliculi. A) Lamellar B) Osteonic C) Woven D) Compact E) Spongy

E) Spongy

86) Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification? A) roof of the skull B) carpal bones C) femurD) clavicle E) both the roof of the skull and the clavicle

E) both the roof of the skull and the clavicle

20) A ________ is a rounded passageway for passage of blood vessels and/or nerves. A) line B) ramus C) fissure D) process E) foramen

E) foramen

94) Which of the following is true for parathyroid hormone? A) stimulates osteoblast activity. B) decreases the rate of calcium absorption.C) increase the rate of calcium excretion.D) lowers the level of calcium ion in the blood. E) inhibits calcitonin secretion.

E) inhibits calcitonin secretion.

The narrow region between the head and diaphysis of a long bone is called the A) canal. B) sulcus. C) trochlea. D) ramus. E) neck.

E) neck

72) Cells that are found in small depressions on the endosteal surfaces are the A) osteoblasts. B) osteocytes.C) osteoid.D) osteogenic cells. E) osteoclasts.

E) osteoclasts.

42) The most abundant cell type in bone is A) osteoclasts. B) osteoblasts.C) osteolytes.D) osteogenic cells. E) osteocytes.

E) osteocytes.