Chapter 6 Canada (World Geog 8)

flat, but diverse

The Great Plains (Interior Lowlands) are generally ______, _______ _________ in terms of landscape types.

Inuit

The ________ are the indigenous people of the Canadian Arctic.

Grand Banks

The _________ ________, once one of the world's richest fishing grounds, covers about 139,000 square miles of Canada's southeast coast.

Canadian Shield

The ___________ __________ is a giant core of rock anchoring the continent and centered on Hudson Bay and James Bay.

Fraser River

The ___________ flows southwest and drains into the Pacific Coast south of Vancouver.

Appalachian Mountains

The _____________ - heavily eroded are North America's oldest mountains

literacy rate

The ______________ in Canada is 99%, and there is an extensive network of *public and private schools*.

Quebec Act

The ______________ passed by the British in 1774.

average Canadian families

The _______________ contains three members.

Canadian Rockies

The _________________ extend northward from the Rockies in the United States.

Gulf Stream

The __________________ is a warm, north-ward flowing ocean off the southeastern coast of Canada

United States

The ____________________ has more trade with Canada than any other country.

Trans-Canada Highway

The _________________________ runs 4,860 miles from Victoria, British Columbia to St John's, Newfoundland.

Mackenzie River, Great Slave Lake

The ___________________which flows from the ________________ to the Arctic Ocean, drains much of Canada's northern interior.

Native and European cultures

The arts have been influenced primarily by __________________________________.

Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa

The cities of ___________, ___________, and ___________ grew up along the St Lawrence and its tributaries.

Constitutional Act

This legislative link to Great Britain finally ended in 1982 with passage of the ____________________________.

Quebecois

This made the French-speaking citizens a minority and fueled French nationalism among _____________, Quebec's French-speaking inhabitants.

eastern half

This stony land makes up the ____________ _________ of Canada and parts of the northeastern United States.

34%

Timber forests cover only about _________ of the country.

third-largest production

Toronto is the ______________________ center in the English-speaking world, after London and New York City.

renewable resources

Trees are a _____________ _______________, but only if people helps to protect forests and their ecosystems.

67%

Two parents live in ______________ of Canadian families but the percentage is decreasing just as in the United States.

Subarctic

just south of the arctic circle

exports

___________ to the United States amount to over half of all Canadian trade.

cellular and digital services

____________ and _____________ services using satellites have made telephone communication more accessible in distant places.

French explorers, missionaries and settlers

____________, ____________, and _____________ wrote the earliest Canadian literature.

earliest ancestors

_____________ _____________ arrived in North America thousands of years ago.

ocean currents

_____________ _____________ play a key role in Canada's climates.

natural resources and agriculture

_____________ and _____________ make up over 60% of Canada's exports.

Metis

_____________ are persons who have both indigenous and French Canadian ancestry.

museums and scholars

_____________ focus on art created by native peoples.

trade

_____________ is still central to the Canadian economy.

lichens and mosses

______________ and _______________ are found/grow in high elevation climates.

58%

______________ of Canada's exports were made up of agriculture, energy, forestry, and mining products.

Energy, minerals, timber, fish

_______________ , __________________ , _________________ , and _____________ have made Canada wealthy.

Rocky Mountains

_______________ ___________ have sheep, mountain goats, elk, mule deer, and black bears.

Energy resources

_______________ ____________ include coal, petroleum and natural gas.

Great Britain and France

_______________ and _______________ rivalry began in 1670, when the British chartered the Hudson's Bay Company to seek a northwest passage to the Pacific Ocean which led to wars.

90%

_______________ of the (Canada) population lives within 100 miles of the US-Canada border.

French

________________ - establish claims to land in the region in the early 1600s.

Timber

________________ is a vital resource in Canada.

Montreal

________________ is an industrial and shipping center. (Urban area)

English

_________________ - language the British introduced it into the country (Canada).

Edmonton

_________________ grew with the development of the petroleum industry.

French

_________________ in the province of Quebec was established as the dominant language of Canada.

Christians

_________________ make up the largest religious group in Canada.

Immigrants

_________________ to Canada came in search of political and religious freedom, economic and educational opportunities, and refuge from wars.

Boreal Forest, Taiga

_________________, also known as ________________, occupies the bulk of Canada's northern areas. Home to moose, black bears, beavers, Canada lynx, wolves, snow shoe hares, Canada Jays, blue jays, crows and ravens.

High-tech and electronics industries

__________________ and ________________ rapid growth of a. 28 million internet users - 82% of its population b. space and aircraft industry

Toronto

__________________ is highly regarded in the realms of theater and music.

Leader in the production

__________________ of *uranium, iron ore, coal, petroleum, copper, and silver.

rugged terrain, cold arctic climate

___________________ and a ___________________ with a short growing season make much of Canada difficult for human settlement.

mineral resources

___________________ are also plentiful.

Parliament

____________________ - the national legislature, includes the Senate and the House of Commons.

St. Lawrence River

____________________ flows about 760 miles (1,223 km) from Lake Ontario to the Gulf of St. Lawrence in the Atlantic.

Reliable transportation systems

____________________ has been essential to the economic growth of Canada due to its large land area.

70%

____________________ of the country's population is between the ages of 15 and 64.

World War II

____________________ stimulated the economy, making it a crucial military and industrial power.

Niagara Falls

____________________, on the Niagara River, forms another part of the Canada-US border. The falls are a key source of hydroelectric power.

Mount Fairweather

_____________________ , on the border of Alaska and western British Columbia, at 15,300 feet (4,663 m) is one of the tallest coastal mountains in the world.

loyalists

_____________________, or American colonists who remained loyal to the British government, fled to Canada after the American Revolution.

Migration

______________________ has been westward to the Prairie Provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta due in part to the discovery of oil and natural gas since the 1960s.

Westward Expansion

______________________ in Canada came at a price as immigrants pushed First Nations peoples off their lands.

Interior Lowlands (Great Plains)

_______________________ , extend across the center of the region and south into the United States. Hills, escarpments, low mountains, forests, and river valleys.

average population density

_______________________ is about 9 people per square mile.

Nova Scotia College of Art and Design

_______________________ is known for innovation in photography and graphic design.

25,000 Inuit

_________________________ from the Arctic live mostly in settlements of 25 to 500 people, with just a few larger towns.

2nd largest oil reserves

___________________________ in the world and makes a substantial amount of money from exporting oil and natural gas.

province

a political unit similar to a state

tundra

closer to the North Pole

Great Lakes

moving glaciers tore at the earth, leaving behind basins that became

Great Bear Lake and Great Slave Lake

northern Canada, naturally occurring dams created by glacial ice.

Maritime Provinces

Canada's ____________ ___________south through the eastern United States to the state of Alabama.

Prime Minister

Canada's _____________________ is the actual head of government.

high standard of living

Canada's _________________________ and government policies protecting multiculturalism are appealing to people of diverse ethnic origins.

petroleum and natural gas

Canada's ______________________________ reserves lie largely in or near Alberta.

Toronto

Canada's largest city; an industrial and financial center. (Urban area)

potash

Canada's mineral inventory includes 33% of the world's production of _____________________ ( a mineral salt used in fertilizers).

High-latitude climate

Canadian Rockies and Pacific Ranges

iron ore and nickel

Canadian Shield are rich in ______________________.

separate identity, popular culture

Canadians struggle to maintain a ________________while being bombarded by U.S. _________________.

French-speaking

Conflicts continue as _____________Canadians seek greater protection for their language and culture.

full independence

Gained ______________________ in 1931, but the British government kept the right to approve changes to Canada's constitution.

1 million or 4%

More than ____________________ or all Canadians identify themselves as of North American Indian, Inuit or Metis decent.

highly developed

Canada is a _____________ ___________ country with bustling cities.

constitutional monarchy

Canada is a ____________________________ type of government.

3, 10

Canada is made up of __________ territories and ___________ provinces.

hydroelectricity

World's 3rd largest producer of ________________________.

religious themes

Writings had strong historical and _______________________.

English and French

2 official languages of Canada

coniferous evergreen

(Boreal Forest/Taiga) Covered mostly with ________________________ trees.

winters, precipitation

(Boreal Forest/Taiga) Has long ___________ and moderate to high _____________ each year.

second-largest

(Boreal Forest/Taiga) is the World's ________________ area of uninterrupted forest.

Coasts; Great Lakes; agriculture, fishing, trade

(Canada) more *densely populated* areas: - near the ______________ - the _________________ - places that support _________________ , _______________ , and ________________

Vancouver School

(Contemporary Art) The "_______________________" artists focus on photoconceptualism.

middle elevations

(High-latitude climate) Spruce and fir trees cover the __________ ___________ of the ranges.

grasslands, coniferous

(High-latitude climate) ________________ and ___________ forests

severe and snowy, summers

(Humid Continental) The farther north one travels, the more _____________________ the winters become, with shorter and cooler ____________.

Coniferous evergreen

(Humid Continental) ___________________________ trees tend to outnumber deciduous trees.

limited

(Ice cap) The amount and variety of vegetation is __________.

freezing temperatures

(Ice cap) _______ ___________ are common all year because of a lack of direct sunlight.

Pacific Ranges

(Marine West Coast) The _______________________ force moist ocean air upward, where it cools and releases moisture, causing heavy rainfall.

ferns, mosses, and coniferous

(Marine West Coast) ______________, ______________, and _________________ forests grow here

winters, summers

(Marine West Coast) ________________ are overcast and rainy; ______________ are cloudless and cool

rain shadow effect

(Steppe Climate) Drier climate due to the ___________________.

chinook

(Steppe Climate) In early spring, a warm dry wind blows down the eastern slopes of the Rockies is called the __________________.

permafrost

(Subarctic) Below is permanently frozen subsoil, or _______________.

widest temperature ranges

(Subarctic) Earth's _________________________, varying by as much as 120°F from their bitterly cold winters to cool, short summers.

thawed soil

(Tundra) The layer of _________ _________ is even thinner here than in the subarctic, with vegetation limited to low bushes, short grasses, mosses, and lichens.

darkness, summer

(Tundra) Winter ___________ and bitter cold last for months, and the brief ____________ period brings only limited warming effects.

Winter temperatures

(Tundra) ________ ____________ can fall to -70°F.

steppe

(semi-arid) Areas between the Pacific Ranges and Rocky Mountains and east of the Rocky Mountains

70%

*Services such as transportation and communication, retail, health care*, and others provide about ______________ of GDP (gross domestic product).

dominion

Canada was created as a ___________________, a partially self-governing country with close ties to Great Britain.

34 million

81% of Canada's ____________________ inhabitants live in urban areas.

Pacific Ranges

A *series* of sharp-peaked mountains

caribou

A few needled evergreens survive here (subarctic), along with herds of woodland __________ that are endangered in some areas.

200,000; Newfoundland

About _____________ native peoples were living in what is now Canada when Europeans arrived off the coast of ______________ in 1497.

federal assistance

After the war, Canada sought to improve ____________________ to its citizens through pensions, unemployment insurance, and medical care.

6 - 16

Attending school is required for children ages __________.

sparsely populated

Canada has ____________ _______________ areas of beautiful, pristine wilderness.

sharing a border

Being neighbors and _______________ has permitted international trade that is beneficial to the economies of both countries.

Great Britain

Between 1815 and 1855, a million people arrived from ____________________.

market economy

Canada has a _______________ economy.

multicultural society

Canada has a truly ___________________ __________________, largely due to immigration.

email, internet

Business transactions and personal communications can be completed instantaneously using ________ and the __________.

supported by the government

Canada Education and health care are _______________________.

never practiced slavery; Underground Railroad

Canada ____________________________. These refugees, many of whom escaped via the _______________________, were safely beyond the reach of American laws once they arrived in Canada.

1/3

Canada covers __________ of the northern part of North America, stretching from the Pacific to the Atlantic.

trade surplus

Canada exports more to the United States than it imports from it, resulting in a ____________________.

beaver pelts

Drawn to the North American continent to gain riches from precious metals and ________________ that came mainly from the Atlantic coast.

English and French

Early 1800s, _______________ and _______________ *speaking communities* feuded over colonial government policies.

environmental problems

Extraction has led to depletion and ___________ ___________.

United States

Fears of a takeover by the __________________ forced Canadians to work together.

natural

First Nations artists combine old and modern techniques with traditional color schemes and motifs that often relate to ____________ world.

Maritime Provinces

Immigrants settled in the _______________________ of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island.

Dominion

In 1867, the colonies of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick united as provinces of the ___________________ of Canada, a new country within the British Empire.

North American Free Trade Agreement

In 1994, the ___________________________ (NAFTA) eliminated tariffs and other trade barriers between Canada, Mexico, and the United States.

Parti Quebecois

In 2012 members from the _________________, a political party in Quebec that *advocates*, or publicly supports, separatism, were elected to *political office* in Quebec.

Artic

In the 1800s, Canada acquired lands stretching from the Atlantic and Pacific and from the __________ to the US border.

African Americans

In the 1800s, Canada also sheltered _________________ who had escaped slavery in the United States.

industrialized, urban country

In the 1900s Canada became an _______________, _____________.

commercial agriculture

Intensive ______________________ in the Great Lakes and St Lawrence lowlands areas.

synthetic crude oil

Large inputs of energy and water are required to transform these substances into _____________________ for use by humans.

Germany, Scandinavia

Late 1800s widespread immigration from other parts of the world began: ____________________, _______________, Ukraine, Japan, and China arrived to settle the land.

Klondike Gold Rush

Late 1800s widespread immigration from other parts of the world began: the ________________________, but many more were attracted by the fertile soil of the prairies of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba.

Coastal Lowlands

Lie east of the Appalachians

life expectancy, infant mortality rates

Long ______________ and low ______________.

provinces

Manitoba, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland became _____________ over the next 100 years.

countries

Many Canadians can *trace* their roots back to ____________ from around the world.

cattle ranches

Many ______________________.

separatism

Many desire Quebec's independence and strongly support ________________ - the breaking away of one part of a country to create a separate, independent country.

mixed ethnic origins

More than 1/4 of Canadians identify themselves as being of ____________________________.

hydroelectric projects

Mineral resources were utilized and _________________________ and transportation systems were developed

government services

Mining, oil exploration, and pipeline construction, along with a decline in the demand for fur, have increased their reliance on _________________________.

Supreme Court

Nine judges sit on the ___________________ of Canada, the country's highest court.

Vancouver

On the Pacific Coast, ______________________ handles nearly all of the trade between Canada and Asia. (Urban area)

wheat, corn, and other grain crops

One of the world's important suppliers of agricultural products, specifically __________, __________, and ____________. Prairie Provinces are major grain producers.

Cree and Inuktitut

Other languages also spoken in Canada include *German, Italian, and Chinese*. Native languages include _____________ and _____________, the language of the Inuit.

small minorities

Other religions practiced by ________________ include *Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism, and Sikhism*.

Marine west coast

Pacific coast

fisheries

Places for catching fish and other sea animals (coastal Atlantic and Pacific).

Margaret Atwood, Yann Martel

Popular modern Canadian fiction writers include ______________ author of The Handmaid's Tale, and ___________ author of Life of Pi.

gold, silver, copper

Rocky Mountains yield ________, _________, and ________.

dual-income

Since women are increasingly joining the Canadian workforce, there are a growing number of ___________ households.

free trade

Some Canadians continue to dislike the effect ____________ has had on their culture.

native peoples

Some are descendants of the country's __________ ___________.

humid continental

Southern 1/3; Ranges from hot and humid to cool and wet.

Quebec

The *British* eventually drove the French from the Hudson Bay area, capturing _________________ in 1759 and winning control of New France in 1763.

Tar Sands

The Athabasca ________________ contain large deposits of extremely heavy crude oil.

governor-general

The British monarch serves as the head of state and appoints a __________________ to act in his or her place.

NAFTA

The Canadian economy produces goods and services at home as well as being linked to the global economy through imports, exports, and trade agreements such as ___________________________.

Canadian territory

The Quebec Act extended ______________________ south to the Ohio River.

French settlers

The Quebec Act gave _________________ the right to keep their language, religion, and laws.

United States

The St. Lawrence River forms part of Canada's border with the ____________________.

encouraged immigration

The government _______________ ______________ to Canada.

Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom

The government of Canada has passed several laws protecting the rights of women. In 1982, the __________________________ ensured gender equality in employment, public life, and education.

Status of Women In Canada

The government of Canada has passed several laws protecting the rights of women. The ________________________ (SWC) was created in 1971 to increase women's participation and equality in all aspects of life.

mistreatment

The injustice was formally recognized in 1998, when the Canadian government apologized to native people for their ______________________.

New France

The land was named _______________, and part of it became the province of Quebec.

Inuit, Metis, First Nations

The main indigenous groups that exist in Canada are the ____________ , the ________________ , and __________________.

southern part

The majority of Canada's transportation systems are located in the _________________ of the country.

Europeans

The native populations declined, as _____________ claimed their lands and diseases from Europe spread.

composition

The overall ______________ of the Canadian family is changing and families have fewer children. (FINISH DEFINITION)

25 million

The population of the First Nations peoples is about 700,000 of the 1. ___________ indigenous people in Canada today.

synthetic crude oil

The tar sands in Alberta are a major source of _____________.

Executive, Legislative, Judicial

The three branches of the Canada's Government:

Toronto Symphony Orchestra, National Ballet of Canada

The world-renowned ______________________ and the top-ranked ________________________ call Toronto home.

Atlantic Ocean

Water from these lowlands drain into the ___________ ________ through the St. Lawrence River.

Governor General, Prime Minister, Cabinet

Who makes up the Executive Branch of Canada's Government?

Supreme Court and Canadian Court System

Who makes up the Judicial Branch of Canada's Government?

Senate and House of Commons

Who makes up the Legislative Branch of Canada's Government?

Nunavut

______ is the cultural and economic homeland for the Inuit people.

First Nations

_________ __________ is a term that refer to indigenous peoples of Canada who are neither Inuit nor Metis.

timberline

the elevation above which trees cannot grow

Ice cap

the north (Climate zone)

Rocky Mountains

younger. to the west. Link the United States and Canada, stretching more than 3,000 miles (4,828km) from New Mexico to Alaska.