Chapter 6 Canada (World Geog 8)
flat, but diverse
The Great Plains (Interior Lowlands) are generally ______, _______ _________ in terms of landscape types.
Inuit
The ________ are the indigenous people of the Canadian Arctic.
Grand Banks
The _________ ________, once one of the world's richest fishing grounds, covers about 139,000 square miles of Canada's southeast coast.
Canadian Shield
The ___________ __________ is a giant core of rock anchoring the continent and centered on Hudson Bay and James Bay.
Fraser River
The ___________ flows southwest and drains into the Pacific Coast south of Vancouver.
Appalachian Mountains
The _____________ - heavily eroded are North America's oldest mountains
literacy rate
The ______________ in Canada is 99%, and there is an extensive network of *public and private schools*.
Quebec Act
The ______________ passed by the British in 1774.
average Canadian families
The _______________ contains three members.
Canadian Rockies
The _________________ extend northward from the Rockies in the United States.
Gulf Stream
The __________________ is a warm, north-ward flowing ocean off the southeastern coast of Canada
United States
The ____________________ has more trade with Canada than any other country.
Trans-Canada Highway
The _________________________ runs 4,860 miles from Victoria, British Columbia to St John's, Newfoundland.
Mackenzie River, Great Slave Lake
The ___________________which flows from the ________________ to the Arctic Ocean, drains much of Canada's northern interior.
Native and European cultures
The arts have been influenced primarily by __________________________________.
Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa
The cities of ___________, ___________, and ___________ grew up along the St Lawrence and its tributaries.
Constitutional Act
This legislative link to Great Britain finally ended in 1982 with passage of the ____________________________.
Quebecois
This made the French-speaking citizens a minority and fueled French nationalism among _____________, Quebec's French-speaking inhabitants.
eastern half
This stony land makes up the ____________ _________ of Canada and parts of the northeastern United States.
34%
Timber forests cover only about _________ of the country.
third-largest production
Toronto is the ______________________ center in the English-speaking world, after London and New York City.
renewable resources
Trees are a _____________ _______________, but only if people helps to protect forests and their ecosystems.
67%
Two parents live in ______________ of Canadian families but the percentage is decreasing just as in the United States.
Subarctic
just south of the arctic circle
exports
___________ to the United States amount to over half of all Canadian trade.
cellular and digital services
____________ and _____________ services using satellites have made telephone communication more accessible in distant places.
French explorers, missionaries and settlers
____________, ____________, and _____________ wrote the earliest Canadian literature.
earliest ancestors
_____________ _____________ arrived in North America thousands of years ago.
ocean currents
_____________ _____________ play a key role in Canada's climates.
natural resources and agriculture
_____________ and _____________ make up over 60% of Canada's exports.
Metis
_____________ are persons who have both indigenous and French Canadian ancestry.
museums and scholars
_____________ focus on art created by native peoples.
trade
_____________ is still central to the Canadian economy.
lichens and mosses
______________ and _______________ are found/grow in high elevation climates.
58%
______________ of Canada's exports were made up of agriculture, energy, forestry, and mining products.
Energy, minerals, timber, fish
_______________ , __________________ , _________________ , and _____________ have made Canada wealthy.
Rocky Mountains
_______________ ___________ have sheep, mountain goats, elk, mule deer, and black bears.
Energy resources
_______________ ____________ include coal, petroleum and natural gas.
Great Britain and France
_______________ and _______________ rivalry began in 1670, when the British chartered the Hudson's Bay Company to seek a northwest passage to the Pacific Ocean which led to wars.
90%
_______________ of the (Canada) population lives within 100 miles of the US-Canada border.
French
________________ - establish claims to land in the region in the early 1600s.
Timber
________________ is a vital resource in Canada.
Montreal
________________ is an industrial and shipping center. (Urban area)
English
_________________ - language the British introduced it into the country (Canada).
Edmonton
_________________ grew with the development of the petroleum industry.
French
_________________ in the province of Quebec was established as the dominant language of Canada.
Christians
_________________ make up the largest religious group in Canada.
Immigrants
_________________ to Canada came in search of political and religious freedom, economic and educational opportunities, and refuge from wars.
Boreal Forest, Taiga
_________________, also known as ________________, occupies the bulk of Canada's northern areas. Home to moose, black bears, beavers, Canada lynx, wolves, snow shoe hares, Canada Jays, blue jays, crows and ravens.
High-tech and electronics industries
__________________ and ________________ rapid growth of a. 28 million internet users - 82% of its population b. space and aircraft industry
Toronto
__________________ is highly regarded in the realms of theater and music.
Leader in the production
__________________ of *uranium, iron ore, coal, petroleum, copper, and silver.
rugged terrain, cold arctic climate
___________________ and a ___________________ with a short growing season make much of Canada difficult for human settlement.
mineral resources
___________________ are also plentiful.
Parliament
____________________ - the national legislature, includes the Senate and the House of Commons.
St. Lawrence River
____________________ flows about 760 miles (1,223 km) from Lake Ontario to the Gulf of St. Lawrence in the Atlantic.
Reliable transportation systems
____________________ has been essential to the economic growth of Canada due to its large land area.
70%
____________________ of the country's population is between the ages of 15 and 64.
World War II
____________________ stimulated the economy, making it a crucial military and industrial power.
Niagara Falls
____________________, on the Niagara River, forms another part of the Canada-US border. The falls are a key source of hydroelectric power.
Mount Fairweather
_____________________ , on the border of Alaska and western British Columbia, at 15,300 feet (4,663 m) is one of the tallest coastal mountains in the world.
loyalists
_____________________, or American colonists who remained loyal to the British government, fled to Canada after the American Revolution.
Migration
______________________ has been westward to the Prairie Provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta due in part to the discovery of oil and natural gas since the 1960s.
Westward Expansion
______________________ in Canada came at a price as immigrants pushed First Nations peoples off their lands.
Interior Lowlands (Great Plains)
_______________________ , extend across the center of the region and south into the United States. Hills, escarpments, low mountains, forests, and river valleys.
average population density
_______________________ is about 9 people per square mile.
Nova Scotia College of Art and Design
_______________________ is known for innovation in photography and graphic design.
25,000 Inuit
_________________________ from the Arctic live mostly in settlements of 25 to 500 people, with just a few larger towns.
2nd largest oil reserves
___________________________ in the world and makes a substantial amount of money from exporting oil and natural gas.
province
a political unit similar to a state
tundra
closer to the North Pole
Great Lakes
moving glaciers tore at the earth, leaving behind basins that became
Great Bear Lake and Great Slave Lake
northern Canada, naturally occurring dams created by glacial ice.
Maritime Provinces
Canada's ____________ ___________south through the eastern United States to the state of Alabama.
Prime Minister
Canada's _____________________ is the actual head of government.
high standard of living
Canada's _________________________ and government policies protecting multiculturalism are appealing to people of diverse ethnic origins.
petroleum and natural gas
Canada's ______________________________ reserves lie largely in or near Alberta.
Toronto
Canada's largest city; an industrial and financial center. (Urban area)
potash
Canada's mineral inventory includes 33% of the world's production of _____________________ ( a mineral salt used in fertilizers).
High-latitude climate
Canadian Rockies and Pacific Ranges
iron ore and nickel
Canadian Shield are rich in ______________________.
separate identity, popular culture
Canadians struggle to maintain a ________________while being bombarded by U.S. _________________.
French-speaking
Conflicts continue as _____________Canadians seek greater protection for their language and culture.
full independence
Gained ______________________ in 1931, but the British government kept the right to approve changes to Canada's constitution.
1 million or 4%
More than ____________________ or all Canadians identify themselves as of North American Indian, Inuit or Metis decent.
highly developed
Canada is a _____________ ___________ country with bustling cities.
constitutional monarchy
Canada is a ____________________________ type of government.
3, 10
Canada is made up of __________ territories and ___________ provinces.
hydroelectricity
World's 3rd largest producer of ________________________.
religious themes
Writings had strong historical and _______________________.
English and French
2 official languages of Canada
coniferous evergreen
(Boreal Forest/Taiga) Covered mostly with ________________________ trees.
winters, precipitation
(Boreal Forest/Taiga) Has long ___________ and moderate to high _____________ each year.
second-largest
(Boreal Forest/Taiga) is the World's ________________ area of uninterrupted forest.
Coasts; Great Lakes; agriculture, fishing, trade
(Canada) more *densely populated* areas: - near the ______________ - the _________________ - places that support _________________ , _______________ , and ________________
Vancouver School
(Contemporary Art) The "_______________________" artists focus on photoconceptualism.
middle elevations
(High-latitude climate) Spruce and fir trees cover the __________ ___________ of the ranges.
grasslands, coniferous
(High-latitude climate) ________________ and ___________ forests
severe and snowy, summers
(Humid Continental) The farther north one travels, the more _____________________ the winters become, with shorter and cooler ____________.
Coniferous evergreen
(Humid Continental) ___________________________ trees tend to outnumber deciduous trees.
limited
(Ice cap) The amount and variety of vegetation is __________.
freezing temperatures
(Ice cap) _______ ___________ are common all year because of a lack of direct sunlight.
Pacific Ranges
(Marine West Coast) The _______________________ force moist ocean air upward, where it cools and releases moisture, causing heavy rainfall.
ferns, mosses, and coniferous
(Marine West Coast) ______________, ______________, and _________________ forests grow here
winters, summers
(Marine West Coast) ________________ are overcast and rainy; ______________ are cloudless and cool
rain shadow effect
(Steppe Climate) Drier climate due to the ___________________.
chinook
(Steppe Climate) In early spring, a warm dry wind blows down the eastern slopes of the Rockies is called the __________________.
permafrost
(Subarctic) Below is permanently frozen subsoil, or _______________.
widest temperature ranges
(Subarctic) Earth's _________________________, varying by as much as 120°F from their bitterly cold winters to cool, short summers.
thawed soil
(Tundra) The layer of _________ _________ is even thinner here than in the subarctic, with vegetation limited to low bushes, short grasses, mosses, and lichens.
darkness, summer
(Tundra) Winter ___________ and bitter cold last for months, and the brief ____________ period brings only limited warming effects.
Winter temperatures
(Tundra) ________ ____________ can fall to -70°F.
steppe
(semi-arid) Areas between the Pacific Ranges and Rocky Mountains and east of the Rocky Mountains
70%
*Services such as transportation and communication, retail, health care*, and others provide about ______________ of GDP (gross domestic product).
dominion
Canada was created as a ___________________, a partially self-governing country with close ties to Great Britain.
34 million
81% of Canada's ____________________ inhabitants live in urban areas.
Pacific Ranges
A *series* of sharp-peaked mountains
caribou
A few needled evergreens survive here (subarctic), along with herds of woodland __________ that are endangered in some areas.
200,000; Newfoundland
About _____________ native peoples were living in what is now Canada when Europeans arrived off the coast of ______________ in 1497.
federal assistance
After the war, Canada sought to improve ____________________ to its citizens through pensions, unemployment insurance, and medical care.
6 - 16
Attending school is required for children ages __________.
sparsely populated
Canada has ____________ _______________ areas of beautiful, pristine wilderness.
sharing a border
Being neighbors and _______________ has permitted international trade that is beneficial to the economies of both countries.
Great Britain
Between 1815 and 1855, a million people arrived from ____________________.
market economy
Canada has a _______________ economy.
multicultural society
Canada has a truly ___________________ __________________, largely due to immigration.
email, internet
Business transactions and personal communications can be completed instantaneously using ________ and the __________.
supported by the government
Canada Education and health care are _______________________.
never practiced slavery; Underground Railroad
Canada ____________________________. These refugees, many of whom escaped via the _______________________, were safely beyond the reach of American laws once they arrived in Canada.
1/3
Canada covers __________ of the northern part of North America, stretching from the Pacific to the Atlantic.
trade surplus
Canada exports more to the United States than it imports from it, resulting in a ____________________.
beaver pelts
Drawn to the North American continent to gain riches from precious metals and ________________ that came mainly from the Atlantic coast.
English and French
Early 1800s, _______________ and _______________ *speaking communities* feuded over colonial government policies.
environmental problems
Extraction has led to depletion and ___________ ___________.
United States
Fears of a takeover by the __________________ forced Canadians to work together.
natural
First Nations artists combine old and modern techniques with traditional color schemes and motifs that often relate to ____________ world.
Maritime Provinces
Immigrants settled in the _______________________ of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island.
Dominion
In 1867, the colonies of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick united as provinces of the ___________________ of Canada, a new country within the British Empire.
North American Free Trade Agreement
In 1994, the ___________________________ (NAFTA) eliminated tariffs and other trade barriers between Canada, Mexico, and the United States.
Parti Quebecois
In 2012 members from the _________________, a political party in Quebec that *advocates*, or publicly supports, separatism, were elected to *political office* in Quebec.
Artic
In the 1800s, Canada acquired lands stretching from the Atlantic and Pacific and from the __________ to the US border.
African Americans
In the 1800s, Canada also sheltered _________________ who had escaped slavery in the United States.
industrialized, urban country
In the 1900s Canada became an _______________, _____________.
commercial agriculture
Intensive ______________________ in the Great Lakes and St Lawrence lowlands areas.
synthetic crude oil
Large inputs of energy and water are required to transform these substances into _____________________ for use by humans.
Germany, Scandinavia
Late 1800s widespread immigration from other parts of the world began: ____________________, _______________, Ukraine, Japan, and China arrived to settle the land.
Klondike Gold Rush
Late 1800s widespread immigration from other parts of the world began: the ________________________, but many more were attracted by the fertile soil of the prairies of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba.
Coastal Lowlands
Lie east of the Appalachians
life expectancy, infant mortality rates
Long ______________ and low ______________.
provinces
Manitoba, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland became _____________ over the next 100 years.
countries
Many Canadians can *trace* their roots back to ____________ from around the world.
cattle ranches
Many ______________________.
separatism
Many desire Quebec's independence and strongly support ________________ - the breaking away of one part of a country to create a separate, independent country.
mixed ethnic origins
More than 1/4 of Canadians identify themselves as being of ____________________________.
hydroelectric projects
Mineral resources were utilized and _________________________ and transportation systems were developed
government services
Mining, oil exploration, and pipeline construction, along with a decline in the demand for fur, have increased their reliance on _________________________.
Supreme Court
Nine judges sit on the ___________________ of Canada, the country's highest court.
Vancouver
On the Pacific Coast, ______________________ handles nearly all of the trade between Canada and Asia. (Urban area)
wheat, corn, and other grain crops
One of the world's important suppliers of agricultural products, specifically __________, __________, and ____________. Prairie Provinces are major grain producers.
Cree and Inuktitut
Other languages also spoken in Canada include *German, Italian, and Chinese*. Native languages include _____________ and _____________, the language of the Inuit.
small minorities
Other religions practiced by ________________ include *Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism, and Sikhism*.
Marine west coast
Pacific coast
fisheries
Places for catching fish and other sea animals (coastal Atlantic and Pacific).
Margaret Atwood, Yann Martel
Popular modern Canadian fiction writers include ______________ author of The Handmaid's Tale, and ___________ author of Life of Pi.
gold, silver, copper
Rocky Mountains yield ________, _________, and ________.
dual-income
Since women are increasingly joining the Canadian workforce, there are a growing number of ___________ households.
free trade
Some Canadians continue to dislike the effect ____________ has had on their culture.
native peoples
Some are descendants of the country's __________ ___________.
humid continental
Southern 1/3; Ranges from hot and humid to cool and wet.
Quebec
The *British* eventually drove the French from the Hudson Bay area, capturing _________________ in 1759 and winning control of New France in 1763.
Tar Sands
The Athabasca ________________ contain large deposits of extremely heavy crude oil.
governor-general
The British monarch serves as the head of state and appoints a __________________ to act in his or her place.
NAFTA
The Canadian economy produces goods and services at home as well as being linked to the global economy through imports, exports, and trade agreements such as ___________________________.
Canadian territory
The Quebec Act extended ______________________ south to the Ohio River.
French settlers
The Quebec Act gave _________________ the right to keep their language, religion, and laws.
United States
The St. Lawrence River forms part of Canada's border with the ____________________.
encouraged immigration
The government _______________ ______________ to Canada.
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom
The government of Canada has passed several laws protecting the rights of women. In 1982, the __________________________ ensured gender equality in employment, public life, and education.
Status of Women In Canada
The government of Canada has passed several laws protecting the rights of women. The ________________________ (SWC) was created in 1971 to increase women's participation and equality in all aspects of life.
mistreatment
The injustice was formally recognized in 1998, when the Canadian government apologized to native people for their ______________________.
New France
The land was named _______________, and part of it became the province of Quebec.
Inuit, Metis, First Nations
The main indigenous groups that exist in Canada are the ____________ , the ________________ , and __________________.
southern part
The majority of Canada's transportation systems are located in the _________________ of the country.
Europeans
The native populations declined, as _____________ claimed their lands and diseases from Europe spread.
composition
The overall ______________ of the Canadian family is changing and families have fewer children. (FINISH DEFINITION)
25 million
The population of the First Nations peoples is about 700,000 of the 1. ___________ indigenous people in Canada today.
synthetic crude oil
The tar sands in Alberta are a major source of _____________.
Executive, Legislative, Judicial
The three branches of the Canada's Government:
Toronto Symphony Orchestra, National Ballet of Canada
The world-renowned ______________________ and the top-ranked ________________________ call Toronto home.
Atlantic Ocean
Water from these lowlands drain into the ___________ ________ through the St. Lawrence River.
Governor General, Prime Minister, Cabinet
Who makes up the Executive Branch of Canada's Government?
Supreme Court and Canadian Court System
Who makes up the Judicial Branch of Canada's Government?
Senate and House of Commons
Who makes up the Legislative Branch of Canada's Government?
Nunavut
______ is the cultural and economic homeland for the Inuit people.
First Nations
_________ __________ is a term that refer to indigenous peoples of Canada who are neither Inuit nor Metis.
timberline
the elevation above which trees cannot grow
Ice cap
the north (Climate zone)
Rocky Mountains
younger. to the west. Link the United States and Canada, stretching more than 3,000 miles (4,828km) from New Mexico to Alaska.
