Chapter 6- Conformity and Obedience

When Burger replicated the famous Milgram study in 2006, what percentage of participants obeyed by giving shocks up to 150 volts?

In 2006, 67% obeyed to 150 volts.

Which of the following examples supports the research principle that although internal factors seldom precisely predict a specific action, they better predict a person's average behavior across many situations?

Just as your total score across the many items of a test is more predictable, so is your total conformity (or outgoingness or aggressiveness) across many situations.

When _________ moved his experiment to a small, less prestigious community of Bridgeport, Connecticut, he discovered that obedience was significantly lower.

Milgram

______ inclines you to ______ people who mirror your own behavior.

Mimicry; like

_______ neurons mimic witnessed actions, automatically copying the behaviors we see in the world around us.

Mirror

Select all of the following factors that are a part of Milgram's experiment to determine obedience. 1. Authority's closeness 2. Authority was female 3. Authority was male 4. Legitimacy

1 and 4

Select all of the following that applies to mimicry. 1. More likely to be helpful 2. Enhances social bonds 3. Increases liking 4. Increases prejudice

1, 2, 3

Select all of the following that predict higher rates of conformity. 1. Group is unanimous 2. Group is not cohesive 3. Group has three or more people 4. Group has high status 5. Group responses are anonymous

1, 3, and 4

Who's study exemplifies these real life examples? 1. "interpreting events differently after hearing from others; appreciating a tasty food that others love" 2. "doing as others do; wearing what's in style" 3. "soldiers following questionable orders"

1. Sherif- norm formation 2. Asch- conformity 3. Milgram- obedience

After 330 volts the "learner" in Milgram's experiment fell silent. Which verbal prods were used to keep the participant going? 1. There is no one else here who is trained to do the task. 2. You have no other choice; you must go on. 3. Please continue. 4. The experiment requires that you continue.

2, 3, and 4

In Milgram's experiment, when participants were required to force the learner's hand into contact with the shock plate, ______.

30 percent continued to obey

______ percent of the participants in Asch's study did not conform when the rest of the group gave incorrect answers.

63

In Milgram's study, when two confederates defied the authority, ______ of the participants liberated themselves and defied authority.

90 percent

In one variation of Stanley Milgram's obedience study, what was one of the situations where obedience was low?

The subject saw confederates dissent.

In Sherif's autokinetic experiment, subjects described the distance that ______.

a pinpoint of light moved

In Milgram's obedience experiment, participants ______.

administered "shocks" to learners who gave a wrong answer

In a study by Asch, when confederates gave an incorrect answer to which of three lines is longer, three-quarters of the participants, at least once tended to ______.

agree with the wrong answer

When hospital nurses were ordered to administer obvious drug overdoses by unknown physicians, ______.

all but one obeyed

The "blame-the-victim" process brings out the tendency to respect and be submissive to ____________ figures

authoritative

Sherif's experiment asked people to estimate how far a pinpoint of light moved; the optical illusion used in this study is called the __________ phenomenon.

autokinetic

One of the fundamental lessons in the Asch, Milgram, and Sherif experiments is that sometimes good people do _________ things.

bad, evil, horrible, terrible, or immoral

Which of the following is NOT one of the positive labels mentioned in the text for social influence? (cooperative team play, communal sensitivity, being an agreeable person, responsiveness)

being an agreeable person

As illustrated by the Greece military junta in the early 1970s, as well as the SS officers in Nazi Germany, the ______ process is shown as the trainees are assigned first to guard, then to arrest, then to hit, then to observe torture, then to torture the prisoners.

blame-the-victim

The _________ effect explains that when working in groups, people tend to share the up-and-down moods within the groups and even start to copy each other's nonverbal actions, such as facial expressions.

chameleon

In Chartrand and Bargh's (1999) study, confederates would occasionally rub their faces expressing an emotion, triggering the real participants to do the same. This form of social contagion is called the ______.

chameleon effect

People from _______________ countries are most likely to conform to those around them.

collectivist

One commonality in the Asch and the Milgram studies is that both showed how __________ can take precedence over moral sense.

compliance

The "blame-the-victim" example of the military pointed out that soldiers often start with small negative actions and slowly build to larger ones. This gradual increase demonstrates that __________ breeds acceptance.

compliance

Normative influence is

conforming to gain acceptance

Solomon Asch conducted pioneering studies on the topic of

conformity

When Sally met with her book group for lunch, all five ladies ordered dessert afterward, but Sally did not. If Sally had ordered dessert simply because the other ladies had, this would be an example of

conformity

__________ tends to carry a negative judgment in Western cultures, where it is seen as giving into peer pressure and not reflecting Western individualist culture.

conformity

Western culture would describe social influence as ________, while Eastern culture would describe the same type of actions to fit into a group as ______.

conformity; communal sensitivity

Asch studied _______. Milgram studied ______. Sherif studied _______.

conformity; obedience; norm formation

When people were retested alone a year after Sherif's autokinetic experiment, they ______, suggesting ______.

continued to support the group norm; acceptance

Milgram's participants who were willing to shock "learners" with the greatest voltage did so when the "learners" ______.

could not be seen

Thirty-seven percent of the people ______ in Asch's experiment.

did conform

When Milgram's experimenter gave the commands to shock the learner by telephone, full obedience ______.

dropped to 21 percent

Which of the following is NOT a variation of conformity? (compliance, acceptance, obedience, forgiveness)

forgiveness

People rebel when social pressure threatens their sense of ______ and self-______.

freedom; efficacy

An example of mirror neurons at work is when ______.

humans yawn after seeing someone else yawn

When one student decides to speak up about unfair test scores and you decide to follow his or her example, as you also felt the test scores were unfair, this is a demonstration of the ______ effect of conformity.

liberating

Solomon Asch's original study of conformity involved asking subjects to make judgments about

lines

Reza tells his friends that he was attacked by wasps and that now he is experiencing strange medical symptoms. A local TV news show runs a story, and in the week after, dozens more people report strange wasp behavior and the same unusual symptoms. This is most closely an example of which phenomenon?

mass hysteria

The autokinetic phenomenon is the apparent ______ of a ______.

movement; stationary point of light in the dark

When a person conforms to gain acceptance, we say they are bowing to

normative influence

Concern for social image involves _______________ influence; the desire to be correct involves _______________ influence.

normative; informational

Two forms of social influence that explain conformity are ________ influence and _________ influence.

normative; informational

In view of the research on social reactance, parents are predicted to get the best results from their children when they ______.

offer choices instead of commands

In a study of the power of culture in perpetuating false beliefs, Jacobs and Campbell (1961) used the autokinetic phenomenon. They found that the inflated illusion ______.

persisted through five generations

Three predictors of conformity are ______, ______, and ______.

personality, culture, social roles

Todd went to the Contemporary Museum of Art with a few people from work. There was one room that had only one painting. While looking at the piece, which was 15 feet high, 30 feet long, and all in the same color—various shades of fire-engine red—Todd thought, "What is this? Is this art?" Meanwhile, his friends loved it, and went on and on about how it represented this and that. If Todd were to agree and actually believe that the painting was wonderful, this would be an example of

private acceptance

If Barry is told not to drink until he turns 21 years old, he may start drinking before then. This behavior could be viewed as

reactance.

Which of the following is NOT one of the negative labels mentioned in the text for social influence? (submission, compliance, conformity, servility)

servility

In later studies replicating Milgram's use of more compelling learner protests, women's compliance rates were ______ men's.

similar to

According to Milgram, when he reflected on his famous obedience experiment, the most fundamental lesson in experimental research is that ordinary people are ______.

simply doing their jobs

Which of the following is not one of the predictors of conformity?

sleep deprivation

When Burger replicated Milgram's experiment in 2009, he found that 70 percent of participants were still obeying, a ______ from Milgram's result.

slight reduction

In Stanley Milgram's original obedience study, the prompts given to subjects who balked at the experiment served as

social pressure

Coughing, laughing, and yawning in response to others are all examples of ______ in everyday life.

suggestibility

Asch's classic experiment assessed whether individuals could overcome the urge to conform when perceiving ______.

the length of lines

When the learner in Milgram's experiment protested with anguished cries, ______ of the participants fully complied with the experimenter's instructions.

the majority

When Stanley Milgram varied his experimental procedures, which of the following was not mentioned as a factor involved in obedience?

the physical attractiveness of the experimenter

A person's personality is seen as a better predictor of behavior when

the social influences impinging upon them are weak, as opposed to being strong.

In the Asch study, conformity was lowest when

the subjects wrote their answers privately.

Four factors that determined obedience in Milgram's experiment were the authority's closeness & legitimacy, institutional respectability, whether there was a disobedient fellow participant, and ______.

the victim's emotional distance

Conformity is highest when a group has at least ________ members.

three

Conformity is highest when the group has

three or more people and is unanimous and cohesive.

When are simulated juries MORE likely to have a hung (not-unanimous) verdict?

when subjects raise their hands

According to recent research on normative influences, when are teens MORE likely to smoke?

when their friends smoke

Under what conditions are students MORE likely to respond to controversial questions in the classroom?

when using clickers or app-based classroom software

Select the two forms of social influence that explain why people conform. 1. Informational 2. Contextual 3. Normative 4. Peer

1 and 3