Chapter 6: Environmental conservation

The majority of U.S. public rangelands are in ______ condition.

Poor

The primary goal of the _______ program, as evidenced by acronym, is to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries.

REDD

_____ is the fastest-growing type of forest product.

Paper pulp

How can the U.S. national parks be "loved to death"?

Park visitor numbers are so high that environmental damage is done

True or False: Today there is more land protected, such as in parks, preserves, or wildlife management areas, than a century ago.

True

U.S National Parks are primarily funded through ______.

User fees

The most widely used method of lumber harvest in North America is _______.

Clear-cutting

________, where every tree is harvested regardless of size, is the most common lumber harvest method in North America.

Clear-cutting

Most of the forests that remain are located in _______ and ______ regions.

Cold boreal; tropical moist

How are grasslands utilized by humans?

Conversion to urban areas, Grazing domestic animals and conversion to cropland

True or false: The United States has the largest percentage of land in protected status compared to other countries

False

True or false: the primary role of forests is to provide natural resources for human use.

False

Rank the biomes according to how much (percentage) each is protected, with the most protected on top.

Flooded grasslands and savanna's, Tropical/subtropical moist forests, temperate broadleaf and mixed forests and temperate grasslands and savanna's

______ accounts for nearly half of global wood use.

Fuelwood

The objectives of the world conservation strategy concentrate on ________.

Nature protection and education

Which region has had a net increase in the amount of forest area from 1992-2015

North America

The logging of U.S Temperate rainforests has been especially contentious over the past few decades because ________.

Of the threat to the vast diversity and specific animals that live there

The logging of U.S. temperate rainforests has been especially contentious over the past few decades because _______.

Of the threat to the vast diversity and specific animals that live there

Ocean fish stocks are on the decline primarily because of ______.

Over

Why is the Smokey the Bear policy of immediately suppressing all fires misguided?

The buildup of woody debris creates a threat of very big and dangerous fires, Some forest habitats need fire for regeneration and Fire plays an ecological role in forests

What threatens the U.S. temperate rainforests?

Logging

Temperature grasslands

4.1%

Forest _____ involves scientifically planning the planting , growth, and harvesting of trees.

Management

Coral reefs that are in protected, no-take zones are called _______.

Marine preserves

Shelterwood harvest

Mature trees are removed in a series of two or more cuts

Which of the following is not a product commonly associated with forests?

Minerals

Barren land created by the overgrazing of grasslands will reflect ________ of the suns's heat, causing even more desertification.

More

How many people today depend on wood as their main source of heating and cooking fuel?

2 billion

Temperate broad-leaf and mixed forest

12.1%

Tundra

18.3%

tropical and subtropical moist forests

23.3%

________ people should be allowed to stay on preserved land as they often have important knowledge that can be used to help manage and preserve the ecosystem.

Aboriginal

Strip-cutting

All trees in a narrow corridor are harvested

A forest that has more bright, open, and windy edges as compared to the forest interior is said to be demonstrating _____.

An edge effect

Old-growth forests are defined as having ______.

Been undistributed by humans long enough for trees to live out their out their natural life cycle.

A(n) _______ reserve is divided into zones with different purposes to allow for the protection of natural resources while improving the living standards of local,native people.

Biosphere

Some ranchers are switching to wild species Busch as ________ as they seem to be more efficient and hardy than their unusual domestic livestock.

Bison, elk and impala

Most of the world's remaining forests are located in cold _________ regions and the humid ___________.

Boreal tropics

How are protected areas categorized by the World Conservation Union?

By allowed human impact

Large preserves are considered better than small preserves because they have more _________.

Core habitat

What can be done to protect coral reefs?

Create marine reserves around coral reefs and limit harvesting methods in and around coral reefs

Overgrazing of livestock on land leads to _______.

Damage to vegetation, erosion, and more runoff

Principles of ecosystem management include managing whole landscapes over ecological time, depending on scientifically sound ________ for decision making, and maintaining biological _______ and essential ecosystem processes.

Data and diversity

The primary goal of the REDD program is revealed in its acronym: Reducing Emissions from _________ and forest ________.

Deforestation and Degradation

The process where fertile land is converted to desert is called ______.

Desertification

How do rainfall patterns change due to deforestation?

Droughts become more frequent.

Rank the following protected areas according to the amount of allowed human impact, placing the area with smallest impact at the top.

Ecological reserves, National parks, National monuments, Wildlife management areas and scenic lamdscapes

In 1994, the U.S. Northwest forest management plan integrated local needs, scientific study, and best practices in land use in order to consider both human and ________ dimensions while protecting the forests and the wildlife within them.

Economic

Tourism that is ecologically and socially sustainable is called _______.

Ecotourism

Which of the following is not an ecosystem management philosophy?

Establishing a strategy that doesn't change

Clear-cutting

Every tree in a given area is harvested

Desertification is a major threat to _____, especially due to overgrazing.

Grasslands

The significant loss of tropical forests is disconcerting as they are thought to contain at least ______.

Half of all plant,animal, and microbial species in the world

Ranchers may switch to species such as impala or wildebeest because they are _____ than cattle or sheep.

Hardier

While public parks may have been around for thousands of years, the idea of setting aside land for recreation and preservation _______.

Has been occurring for about 50 years

The data collected to date strongly supports the idea that marine preserves _________ fish populations in the surrounding oceans.

Increase

Ecotourism can _______.

Increase a country's economic status, encourage resource preservation and support sustainability by replacing extractive industries such as logging and mining

Because grazing cattle consume the edible species, many ________ species have built up on rangelands.

Inedible

Venezuela

It claims 66% of the country is protected, largely for preserves for indigenous people or for sustainable resource harvesting

Greenland

It has a large reserve area that is mostly ice covered

Saudi Arabia

It has large reserve area that is mostly desert

Brazil

It has the largest total area of land protected of all countries; more than 2.5 million km2

Protecting a single large reserve is beneficial for ________.

Keeping an ecosystem intact, species with a big territory and species such as tigers or elephants

The main drivers of overgrazing in the United States are limited funds for range improvements and _________.

Lack of enforcement of regulations

One of the criticisms of U.S. public land grazing policy is that the fees charged to ranchers commonly are _______ what would be paid to lease comparable private land.

Less expensive than

Allowing native/indigenous people to pursue traditional ways of life_____.

Often serves to protect nature because they have learned to live in close balance with it

Which of the following are potential threats to established preserves?

Oil drilling, Excessive grazing, Forestry exploitation and Hydroelectric dam building

A forest that has not been distributed by humans for a long enough time period so that trees may live out their natural life cycle is termed __________.

Old growth

United States

Only 22% of its land is protected, but land is well managed with hundreds of thousands of employees and billions of dollars in public funding

Selective cutting

Only a small percentage of trees are taken from each 10- and 20-year rotation

Over 50% of public rangelands in the U.S. are in poor to very poor condition due to ________.

Overgrazing

Which of the following are methods that ranchers are experimenting with to improve the health of the rangelands?

Restoring fire to land, Raising wild species that are more efficient and disease-resistant and using rotational grazing techniques

Which of the following are methods that ranchers are experimenting with to improve the health of the rangelands?

Restoring fire to land, using rotational grazing techniques and Raising wild species that are more efficient and disease-resistant

Short-duration confinement of livestock to a small penned-in feeding area with subsequent shifting to a new location is called ______.

Rotational grazing

The U.S Northwest forest management plan uses ______ along with local needs and best practices to manage old-growth temperate forests.

Science

Coral reefs are the most threatened marine ecosystem due to _________.

Sediment runoff, destructive fishing methods and rising sea temperatures

Which of the following alternatives to clear-cutting is the least disruptive harvest method?

Selective cutting

People often destroy forests using ______ techniques that make the land ready for cultivation.

Slash and burn

Over the years 1992-2015, which continent has had the greatest percentage of forest loss?

South America

Protecting a single large reserve is beneficial for _______.

Species such as tigers or elephants, keeping an ecosystem intact and species with a big territory

Allowing controlled fires helps _____.

Support ecosystem regeneration and reduce buildup of dead understory material

Allowing controlled fires helps ______.

Support ecosystem regeneration and reduce buildup of dead understory material

What happened in 2017 to the Pacific Remote Islands National Monument?

The U.S. president opened it to commercial fishing when companies complained it wasn't accessible

Why does logging for a few valuable hardwood trees in a tropical forest easily lead to widespread deforestation in an area?

The loggers build roads that can be used by farmers, miners, hunters, and other loggers.

What is the current financial situation of the U.S. National Park System as a whole?

The parks earn most of their own money but have a huge maintenance backlog.

Why is overgrazing such a problem on U.S. public rangelands?

There is lack of regulation enforcement and there are limited funds for improvement.

Forests are vital because ________.

They help to regulate climate, they provide habitat for wildlife, they purify air and water, they control water runoff

How do pastoralists utilize grasslands?

They herd animals on it.

What is the purpose of corridors?

To allow populations to expand into new breeding territory, to connect a natural habitat area smaller habitats that are already protected and to effectively create a large reserve from several small ones

What is the purpose of a biosphere reserve?

To allow protected areas to exist side-by-side with supporting human activities

Which of the following is not an objective of the world conservation strategy?

To mandate seasons when no visitors are allowed inside parks to improve ecosystem health

What is the difference between a savanna type and a closed-canopy forest?

Tree spacing is open in a savanna but very dense in a closed-canopy forest

Closed-canopy

Trees cover most of the ground

Old-growth

Trees have been undistributed longer than their natural life span

Savannas

Trees occupy less than 20%

The tremendous amount of biomass stored in ________ forests continues to be at risk, as these areas have decreased significantly in size in the past few decades.

Tropical

Which of these are likely to become higher, more frequent , and/or more abundant due to deforestation?

Wildfires, drought and temperatures

Approximately 1/4 of the forests are managed for ________.

Wood production