Chapter 6: Environmental conservation
The majority of U.S. public rangelands are in ______ condition.
Poor
The primary goal of the _______ program, as evidenced by acronym, is to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries.
REDD
_____ is the fastest-growing type of forest product.
Paper pulp
How can the U.S. national parks be "loved to death"?
Park visitor numbers are so high that environmental damage is done
True or False: Today there is more land protected, such as in parks, preserves, or wildlife management areas, than a century ago.
True
U.S National Parks are primarily funded through ______.
User fees
The most widely used method of lumber harvest in North America is _______.
Clear-cutting
________, where every tree is harvested regardless of size, is the most common lumber harvest method in North America.
Clear-cutting
Most of the forests that remain are located in _______ and ______ regions.
Cold boreal; tropical moist
How are grasslands utilized by humans?
Conversion to urban areas, Grazing domestic animals and conversion to cropland
True or false: The United States has the largest percentage of land in protected status compared to other countries
False
True or false: the primary role of forests is to provide natural resources for human use.
False
Rank the biomes according to how much (percentage) each is protected, with the most protected on top.
Flooded grasslands and savanna's, Tropical/subtropical moist forests, temperate broadleaf and mixed forests and temperate grasslands and savanna's
______ accounts for nearly half of global wood use.
Fuelwood
The objectives of the world conservation strategy concentrate on ________.
Nature protection and education
Which region has had a net increase in the amount of forest area from 1992-2015
North America
The logging of U.S Temperate rainforests has been especially contentious over the past few decades because ________.
Of the threat to the vast diversity and specific animals that live there
The logging of U.S. temperate rainforests has been especially contentious over the past few decades because _______.
Of the threat to the vast diversity and specific animals that live there
Ocean fish stocks are on the decline primarily because of ______.
Over
Why is the Smokey the Bear policy of immediately suppressing all fires misguided?
The buildup of woody debris creates a threat of very big and dangerous fires, Some forest habitats need fire for regeneration and Fire plays an ecological role in forests
What threatens the U.S. temperate rainforests?
Logging
Temperature grasslands
4.1%
Forest _____ involves scientifically planning the planting , growth, and harvesting of trees.
Management
Coral reefs that are in protected, no-take zones are called _______.
Marine preserves
Shelterwood harvest
Mature trees are removed in a series of two or more cuts
Which of the following is not a product commonly associated with forests?
Minerals
Barren land created by the overgrazing of grasslands will reflect ________ of the suns's heat, causing even more desertification.
More
How many people today depend on wood as their main source of heating and cooking fuel?
2 billion
Temperate broad-leaf and mixed forest
12.1%
Tundra
18.3%
tropical and subtropical moist forests
23.3%
________ people should be allowed to stay on preserved land as they often have important knowledge that can be used to help manage and preserve the ecosystem.
Aboriginal
Strip-cutting
All trees in a narrow corridor are harvested
A forest that has more bright, open, and windy edges as compared to the forest interior is said to be demonstrating _____.
An edge effect
Old-growth forests are defined as having ______.
Been undistributed by humans long enough for trees to live out their out their natural life cycle.
A(n) _______ reserve is divided into zones with different purposes to allow for the protection of natural resources while improving the living standards of local,native people.
Biosphere
Some ranchers are switching to wild species Busch as ________ as they seem to be more efficient and hardy than their unusual domestic livestock.
Bison, elk and impala
Most of the world's remaining forests are located in cold _________ regions and the humid ___________.
Boreal tropics
How are protected areas categorized by the World Conservation Union?
By allowed human impact
Large preserves are considered better than small preserves because they have more _________.
Core habitat
What can be done to protect coral reefs?
Create marine reserves around coral reefs and limit harvesting methods in and around coral reefs
Overgrazing of livestock on land leads to _______.
Damage to vegetation, erosion, and more runoff
Principles of ecosystem management include managing whole landscapes over ecological time, depending on scientifically sound ________ for decision making, and maintaining biological _______ and essential ecosystem processes.
Data and diversity
The primary goal of the REDD program is revealed in its acronym: Reducing Emissions from _________ and forest ________.
Deforestation and Degradation
The process where fertile land is converted to desert is called ______.
Desertification
How do rainfall patterns change due to deforestation?
Droughts become more frequent.
Rank the following protected areas according to the amount of allowed human impact, placing the area with smallest impact at the top.
Ecological reserves, National parks, National monuments, Wildlife management areas and scenic lamdscapes
In 1994, the U.S. Northwest forest management plan integrated local needs, scientific study, and best practices in land use in order to consider both human and ________ dimensions while protecting the forests and the wildlife within them.
Economic
Tourism that is ecologically and socially sustainable is called _______.
Ecotourism
Which of the following is not an ecosystem management philosophy?
Establishing a strategy that doesn't change
Clear-cutting
Every tree in a given area is harvested
Desertification is a major threat to _____, especially due to overgrazing.
Grasslands
The significant loss of tropical forests is disconcerting as they are thought to contain at least ______.
Half of all plant,animal, and microbial species in the world
Ranchers may switch to species such as impala or wildebeest because they are _____ than cattle or sheep.
Hardier
While public parks may have been around for thousands of years, the idea of setting aside land for recreation and preservation _______.
Has been occurring for about 50 years
The data collected to date strongly supports the idea that marine preserves _________ fish populations in the surrounding oceans.
Increase
Ecotourism can _______.
Increase a country's economic status, encourage resource preservation and support sustainability by replacing extractive industries such as logging and mining
Because grazing cattle consume the edible species, many ________ species have built up on rangelands.
Inedible
Venezuela
It claims 66% of the country is protected, largely for preserves for indigenous people or for sustainable resource harvesting
Greenland
It has a large reserve area that is mostly ice covered
Saudi Arabia
It has large reserve area that is mostly desert
Brazil
It has the largest total area of land protected of all countries; more than 2.5 million km2
Protecting a single large reserve is beneficial for ________.
Keeping an ecosystem intact, species with a big territory and species such as tigers or elephants
The main drivers of overgrazing in the United States are limited funds for range improvements and _________.
Lack of enforcement of regulations
One of the criticisms of U.S. public land grazing policy is that the fees charged to ranchers commonly are _______ what would be paid to lease comparable private land.
Less expensive than
Allowing native/indigenous people to pursue traditional ways of life_____.
Often serves to protect nature because they have learned to live in close balance with it
Which of the following are potential threats to established preserves?
Oil drilling, Excessive grazing, Forestry exploitation and Hydroelectric dam building
A forest that has not been distributed by humans for a long enough time period so that trees may live out their natural life cycle is termed __________.
Old growth
United States
Only 22% of its land is protected, but land is well managed with hundreds of thousands of employees and billions of dollars in public funding
Selective cutting
Only a small percentage of trees are taken from each 10- and 20-year rotation
Over 50% of public rangelands in the U.S. are in poor to very poor condition due to ________.
Overgrazing
Which of the following are methods that ranchers are experimenting with to improve the health of the rangelands?
Restoring fire to land, Raising wild species that are more efficient and disease-resistant and using rotational grazing techniques
Which of the following are methods that ranchers are experimenting with to improve the health of the rangelands?
Restoring fire to land, using rotational grazing techniques and Raising wild species that are more efficient and disease-resistant
Short-duration confinement of livestock to a small penned-in feeding area with subsequent shifting to a new location is called ______.
Rotational grazing
The U.S Northwest forest management plan uses ______ along with local needs and best practices to manage old-growth temperate forests.
Science
Coral reefs are the most threatened marine ecosystem due to _________.
Sediment runoff, destructive fishing methods and rising sea temperatures
Which of the following alternatives to clear-cutting is the least disruptive harvest method?
Selective cutting
People often destroy forests using ______ techniques that make the land ready for cultivation.
Slash and burn
Over the years 1992-2015, which continent has had the greatest percentage of forest loss?
South America
Protecting a single large reserve is beneficial for _______.
Species such as tigers or elephants, keeping an ecosystem intact and species with a big territory
Allowing controlled fires helps _____.
Support ecosystem regeneration and reduce buildup of dead understory material
Allowing controlled fires helps ______.
Support ecosystem regeneration and reduce buildup of dead understory material
What happened in 2017 to the Pacific Remote Islands National Monument?
The U.S. president opened it to commercial fishing when companies complained it wasn't accessible
Why does logging for a few valuable hardwood trees in a tropical forest easily lead to widespread deforestation in an area?
The loggers build roads that can be used by farmers, miners, hunters, and other loggers.
What is the current financial situation of the U.S. National Park System as a whole?
The parks earn most of their own money but have a huge maintenance backlog.
Why is overgrazing such a problem on U.S. public rangelands?
There is lack of regulation enforcement and there are limited funds for improvement.
Forests are vital because ________.
They help to regulate climate, they provide habitat for wildlife, they purify air and water, they control water runoff
How do pastoralists utilize grasslands?
They herd animals on it.
What is the purpose of corridors?
To allow populations to expand into new breeding territory, to connect a natural habitat area smaller habitats that are already protected and to effectively create a large reserve from several small ones
What is the purpose of a biosphere reserve?
To allow protected areas to exist side-by-side with supporting human activities
Which of the following is not an objective of the world conservation strategy?
To mandate seasons when no visitors are allowed inside parks to improve ecosystem health
What is the difference between a savanna type and a closed-canopy forest?
Tree spacing is open in a savanna but very dense in a closed-canopy forest
Closed-canopy
Trees cover most of the ground
Old-growth
Trees have been undistributed longer than their natural life span
Savannas
Trees occupy less than 20%
The tremendous amount of biomass stored in ________ forests continues to be at risk, as these areas have decreased significantly in size in the past few decades.
Tropical
Which of these are likely to become higher, more frequent , and/or more abundant due to deforestation?
Wildfires, drought and temperatures
Approximately 1/4 of the forests are managed for ________.
Wood production