Chapter 6: Environmental Considerations
Shoes that don't ____ will significantly reduce likelihood of injury on turf
"Stick"
A normal person can sweat about _______ of water per hour for about _____
1 quart, 2 hours
Rank heat illnesses from least to most severe
1.) Heat Rash 2.) Heat Syncope 3.) Extertional Heat Cramps 4.) Exertional Heat Exhaustion 5.) Heatstroke
5 factors of body temperature
1.) Metabolic Heat Production 2.) Conductive Heat Exchange 3.) Convective Heat Exchange 4.) Radiant Heat Exchange 5.) Evaporative Heat Loss
Common injuries on turf and how to reduce them:
1.) abrasions (reduce with padding) 2.) turf toe (less likely to occur if shoe has stiff, firm sole)
4 ways to prevent Exertional Heat Cramps
1.) adequate replacement of electrolytes 2.) slightly increasing salt in diet 3.) eat bananas 4.) drink milk and eat dairy products
5 ways to prevent hypothermia
1.) apparel geared for weather 2.) waterproof and windproof fabrics 3.) layers and adjusting them 4.) warm-up properly 5.) stay properly hydrated
4 areas to put ice:
1.) armpits 2.) neck 3.) wrists 4.) groin
7 symptoms of Exertional Heat Exhaustion
1.) collapse 2.) profuse sweating 3.) pale skin 4.) mildly elevated temperature (<102 degrees F) 5.) dizziness 6.) hyperventilation 7.) rapid pulse
treatment of Heat Stroke
1.) get athlete to cool environment 2.) remove clothing and immerse in an ice bath, or sponge with cold water and fan with a towel
5 symptoms of heatstroke
1.) sudden collapse usually with loss of consciousness 2.) flushed, hot skin 3.) not sweating 4.) shallow breathing 5.) rapid, strong pulse
6 signs and symptoms of dehydration:
1.) thirst 2.) dizziness 3.) dry mouth 4.) irritability 5.) excessive fatigue 6.) cramps
Adults typically lose ______ per hour when exercising
1.5 L
The hottest part of the day is _______
10 AM to 4 PM
It is important to use sunscreen between the hours of _______
10 AM-4PM
A turf field is ______ degrees hotter than a grass field
10-15
Optimal CHO level is ______ of water
14g per 8oz
Sunscreen should be applied ______ before exposure
15-30 minutes
Consume _______ fl oz of water or sports drink ______ prior to activity an additional ______ minutes before exercise
17-20, 2-3 hours, 10-20
Keep track of before and after measures for _______
2 weeks
Mild dehydration occurs when ____ of body weight is lost in fluid
2%
Body requires _____ of water daily when engaged in minimal activity
2.5 L
When body heat is lost through evaporation, ___ is through skin, ____ is through respiration
2/3 , 1/3
For every one pound lost during activity, _______ of H2O/sports drink should be consumed
20 oz
______ of body heat is lost through evaporation
20%
Hydration should begin _______ prior to an athletic activity
24 hours
NATA and National Weather Service recommend returning to the field ______ following the last clap of thunder or lightning strike
30 minutes
Death from heat stroke increases ________ as body weight increases
4:1
When body heat is lost through radiation, ______ is lost through the head and neck
50%
Generally only ____ of fluid is ever replaced and therefore should be replaced ________
50%, before, during, and after exercise
______ of sun exposure occurs before the age of 20
60-80%
Hyperthermia causes an average of _______ deaths per year
600+
Relative humidity of ____ impairs evaporation
65%
______ of body heat is lost through radiation
65%
Early pre-season training and graded intensity changes are recommended with progressive exposure over ________ period
7-10 day
Relative humidity of ____ stops evaporation
75%
Death is imminent when temperature falls below _______
77-85 degrees F
Shivering stops after temperature drops below ______
85-90 degrees F
The rate of cure of skin cancer is _____ with early detection
95%
If an athlete has lost _______ of BW, they should be removed from practice
>2%
There is a greater incidence of ________ on turf
ACL tears
Hypothermia
Abnormally low body temperature .
Circadian Dysrhythmia
Also known as jet lag . Disruption of the biological and biophysical time clock .
Heat Rash Symptoms
Associated with a red, raised rash, accompanied by sensations of prickling and tingling during sweating
Major types of skin cancer include ______, _______, and ________
Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma
Hypo=______
Below normal
Heat rash is a ______ condition
Benign
Gangrene appears _____
Black
With deep frostbite, tissue will become ____, _____, ____, and may become ______
Blotchy red, swollen, painful, gangrenous
Exertional Heat Cramps occur most often in the ____ and _____
Calf, abdomen
Last resort places to go if you can't find shelter in a storm
Car, ravine, ditch, or valley
CHO=
Carbohydrate
Dehydration impairs _______ and _____ responses
Cardiovascular, thermoregulatory
_____ results from prolonged exposure causing redness and swelling, tingling pain in toes and fingers
Chillblains
Heat stress can also be a factor when _______
Competing in the cold
____ first, ____ second
Cool, transport
Most important sign of Heatstroke=_______
Core temp of 104 degrees or higher
If hair stands up on your hand, ______
Curl up into a ball
_____ is suspected as the cause of cancer
Damage to DNA
_____ urine is an indication of dehydration
Dark
Ability to dissipate heat may ___ because of equipment and certain clothing
Decrease
______ indicates frozen skin requiring hospitalization
Deep frostbite
Body must be able to _______ to maintain homeostasis
Dissipate heat
Heat Syncope Symptoms
Dizziness, fainting, nausea
Hyponatremia
Drink too much water, and it flushes all the nutrients (sodium) out of your system
Frost Nip involves ____, ____, ___, ____, and _____
Ears, nose, chin, fingers, toes
When someone passes out, ______
Elevate their legs
Hyperthermia
Elevated body temperature .
The _____ of sweat dissipates the heat.
Evaporation
A count of 15 seconds from time lightning is sighted to the clap of thunder=______
Everyone should leave the field
Homeostasis
Everything stays equal
Hyper=______
Excessive
Exertional Heat Cramps Cause
Excessive sweating causes large amounts of water and small amounts of sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium
_______ is the first major red flag of a dangerous heat illness
Exertional Heat Cramps
_________ are painful muscle spasms caused by excessive sweating and imbalance of nutrients in system
Exertional heat cramps
_______ individuals are more susceptible to skin cancer
Fair skinned
Treatment of frost nip
Firm pressure, blowing warm air, or hands in armpits (if fingers involved)
Sports drinks replace ________
Fluid and electrolytes
When you see lightning striking, the lightning is ________
Going back up after it has already hit the ground
_______ is the most effective method of avoiding heat stress
Gradual acclimization
Treatment of deep frostbite
Gradual re-warming (100-110 F)
If _______ you are in imminent danger
Hair stands up on hand
_______ is the least severe heat illness
Heat Rash/Prickly Heat
Heat Syncope is also known as _______
Heat collapse
Sweating does not cause ______
Heat loss
Problems arise when _____ exceeds ______ generated by metabolism
Heat loss, heat production
______ is a serious, life-threatening medical emergency
Heatstroke
Higher metabolism=________
Higher body temperature
Due to _______ obtained on turf, injuries involving collisions could be _______
Higher speeds, more severe
SPF indicates ________
How many times longer an individual can be exposed to the sun with vs without sunscreen before skin turns red
Turf toe is ______
Hyperextension of big toe
Formation of ______ between cells can destroy cells, disrupt blood flow, and possibly result in clotting
Ice crystals
Treatment of Exertional Heat Exhaustion
Immediate ingestion and eventually IV replacement of large quantities of water, and placement in a cool environment
Exertional Heat Exhaustion Cause:
Inadequate replacement of fluids lost through sweating
Flavoring= _________
Increased desire to consume
Dehydration and poor acclimatization=_____
Increased risk of heat illness
____ do not sweat
Infants
Treatment of Exertional Heat Cramps
Ingest large quantities of water/sports drink. Prolonged stretching with ice massage of spamming muscle.
A count of 30 seconds from time lightning is sighted to the clap of thunder=______
Inherent danger
Athletes with __________ are more susceptible to heat illness
Large muscle mass
Heat Syncope Treatment
Laying down in cool environment and replacing lost fluids
______ is the #2 cause of death by weather
Lightning
_______ is the worst type of skin cancer
Malignant melanoma
Injuries are ________ to occur when training on turf than training on grass
More likely
To recover from dehydration, ___________
Move to cool environment and begin rehydration
If thirst is. Ignored, dehydration results in _____, ______, _____, and ________
Nausea, vomiting, fainting, increased risk for heat illness
There is _________ that synthetic surface increases injury
Not conclusive evidence
Flash - to - bang
Number of seconds from lightning flash until the sound of thunder divided by 5 to determine the distance from the lightning strike
Heat stroke can ________
Occur suddenly
Heat Rash Cause
Occurs when the skin is continuously wet with un evaporated sweat. Typically in areas of the body that are covered with clothing.
Superficial frostbite appears _____, _____, _____, and ______
Pale, hard, cold, waxy
Person most likely to get heat exhaustion=______
Person in poor physical condition who attempts to exercise in the heat
Conductive heat exchange is _______ with other objects can result in either a heat loss or heat gain
Physical contact
Chillblains causes tingling pain due to ______
Poor peripheral circulation
_________ is characterized by dryness, cracking, and inelasticity of the skin
Premature aging
Overexposure to sun can cause ______ and _______ due to ultraviolet exposure
Premature aging, skin cancer
Heat related illness is 100% ______
Preventable
Heat Rash is also known as _____
Prickly heat
Heat Syncope/Heat Cramps/Heat Exhaustion=______
Rehydrate and cool
When treating Heatstroke, ________ is not as critical as lowering the core temperature
Replacement of fluids
An athlete who is experiencing heat cramps should not be allowed to return to play because ________
Risk of reoccurrence of cramping and predisposes them to more severe form of heat illness
Do not _____ frost nip
Rub
Avoid ____ suits
Rubberized
Synthetic surfaces lose ______
Shock absorbing capabilities
An athlete who is experiencing heat cramps _______ be allowed to return to play
Should not
Symptoms of frost nip
Skin appears firm with cold painless areas that may peel and blister (24-72 hours). Skin will appear red.
________ is the most common malignant tumor found in humans
Skin cancer
More CHO results in ______
Slower absorption
Small amounts of _____ help in retention of water
Sodium
Person most likely to get heat cramps=_________
Someone in good condition, but has over exerted themselves in heat
________ are more effective than just replacing fluids with water
Sports drinks
Heat Syncope Cause
Standing in heat for long periods or by not being accustomed to exercising in the heat. Also caused by hypotension (low BP)
SPF
Sun protection factor .
Radiant heat is an increase in body temperature from ________
Sunshine
_____ involves only skin and subcutaneous tissue
Superficial frostbite
_______ in the skin allow water to be transported to the surface, where it ______, taking large quantities of ____ with it
Sweat glands, evaporates, heat
Possibility of death from heatstroke can be reduced if __________
The body temperature can be lowered to normal within 45 minutes
______ the higher the SPF should be used
The greater the susceptibility
Majority of body heat is lost in ______
The head
When the temperature and radiant heat of the environment become higher than the body temperature, ________
The loss of body heat becomes highly dependent on sweat evaporation
Convective heat exchange is body heat lost or gained depending on ________
The temperature of the circulating medium
Water alone can prematurely stop ______ and initiate ________
Thirst response, fluid removal by kidneys
Localized cooling can result in _____
Tissue damage
_____ offers greater performance in areas of speed and resiliency
Turf
Cause of Heatstroke
Unknown
We also lose heat when we ______
Urinate
Heat Rash Treatment
Wash the area and replace their clothing with dry, clean clothing. Can also apply hydrocortisone
In sports with lots of gear, _______ before and after practice
Weigh athletes
Temperature in conjunction with ______ and ____ can increase chances of hypothermia
Wind chill, dampness
______ are physiologically more efficient with body temperature regulation
Women
Sunscreen use is at its highest March-November, but it should be used ______
Year round