Chapter 6: Environmental Considerations

Shoes that don't ____ will significantly reduce likelihood of injury on turf

"Stick"

A normal person can sweat about _______ of water per hour for about _____

1 quart, 2 hours

Rank heat illnesses from least to most severe

1.) Heat Rash 2.) Heat Syncope 3.) Extertional Heat Cramps 4.) Exertional Heat Exhaustion 5.) Heatstroke

5 factors of body temperature

1.) Metabolic Heat Production 2.) Conductive Heat Exchange 3.) Convective Heat Exchange 4.) Radiant Heat Exchange 5.) Evaporative Heat Loss

Common injuries on turf and how to reduce them:

1.) abrasions (reduce with padding) 2.) turf toe (less likely to occur if shoe has stiff, firm sole)

4 ways to prevent Exertional Heat Cramps

1.) adequate replacement of electrolytes 2.) slightly increasing salt in diet 3.) eat bananas 4.) drink milk and eat dairy products

5 ways to prevent hypothermia

1.) apparel geared for weather 2.) waterproof and windproof fabrics 3.) layers and adjusting them 4.) warm-up properly 5.) stay properly hydrated

4 areas to put ice:

1.) armpits 2.) neck 3.) wrists 4.) groin

7 symptoms of Exertional Heat Exhaustion

1.) collapse 2.) profuse sweating 3.) pale skin 4.) mildly elevated temperature (<102 degrees F) 5.) dizziness 6.) hyperventilation 7.) rapid pulse

treatment of Heat Stroke

1.) get athlete to cool environment 2.) remove clothing and immerse in an ice bath, or sponge with cold water and fan with a towel

5 symptoms of heatstroke

1.) sudden collapse usually with loss of consciousness 2.) flushed, hot skin 3.) not sweating 4.) shallow breathing 5.) rapid, strong pulse

6 signs and symptoms of dehydration:

1.) thirst 2.) dizziness 3.) dry mouth 4.) irritability 5.) excessive fatigue 6.) cramps

Adults typically lose ______ per hour when exercising

1.5 L

The hottest part of the day is _______

10 AM to 4 PM

It is important to use sunscreen between the hours of _______

10 AM-4PM

A turf field is ______ degrees hotter than a grass field

10-15

Optimal CHO level is ______ of water

14g per 8oz

Sunscreen should be applied ______ before exposure

15-30 minutes

Consume _______ fl oz of water or sports drink ______ prior to activity an additional ______ minutes before exercise

17-20, 2-3 hours, 10-20

Keep track of before and after measures for _______

2 weeks

Mild dehydration occurs when ____ of body weight is lost in fluid

2%

Body requires _____ of water daily when engaged in minimal activity

2.5 L

When body heat is lost through evaporation, ___ is through skin, ____ is through respiration

2/3 , 1/3

For every one pound lost during activity, _______ of H2O/sports drink should be consumed

20 oz

______ of body heat is lost through evaporation

20%

Hydration should begin _______ prior to an athletic activity

24 hours

NATA and National Weather Service recommend returning to the field ______ following the last clap of thunder or lightning strike

30 minutes

Death from heat stroke increases ________ as body weight increases

4:1

When body heat is lost through radiation, ______ is lost through the head and neck

50%

Generally only ____ of fluid is ever replaced and therefore should be replaced ________

50%, before, during, and after exercise

______ of sun exposure occurs before the age of 20

60-80%

Hyperthermia causes an average of _______ deaths per year

600+

Relative humidity of ____ impairs evaporation

65%

______ of body heat is lost through radiation

65%

Early pre-season training and graded intensity changes are recommended with progressive exposure over ________ period

7-10 day

Relative humidity of ____ stops evaporation

75%

Death is imminent when temperature falls below _______

77-85 degrees F

Shivering stops after temperature drops below ______

85-90 degrees F

The rate of cure of skin cancer is _____ with early detection

95%

If an athlete has lost _______ of BW, they should be removed from practice

>2%

There is a greater incidence of ________ on turf

ACL tears

Hypothermia

Abnormally low body temperature .

Circadian Dysrhythmia

Also known as jet lag . Disruption of the biological and biophysical time clock .

Heat Rash Symptoms

Associated with a red, raised rash, accompanied by sensations of prickling and tingling during sweating

Major types of skin cancer include ______, _______, and ________

Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma

Hypo=______

Below normal

Heat rash is a ______ condition

Benign

Gangrene appears _____

Black

With deep frostbite, tissue will become ____, _____, ____, and may become ______

Blotchy red, swollen, painful, gangrenous

Exertional Heat Cramps occur most often in the ____ and _____

Calf, abdomen

Last resort places to go if you can't find shelter in a storm

Car, ravine, ditch, or valley

CHO=

Carbohydrate

Dehydration impairs _______ and _____ responses

Cardiovascular, thermoregulatory

_____ results from prolonged exposure causing redness and swelling, tingling pain in toes and fingers

Chillblains

Heat stress can also be a factor when _______

Competing in the cold

____ first, ____ second

Cool, transport

Most important sign of Heatstroke=_______

Core temp of 104 degrees or higher

If hair stands up on your hand, ______

Curl up into a ball

_____ is suspected as the cause of cancer

Damage to DNA

_____ urine is an indication of dehydration

Dark

Ability to dissipate heat may ___ because of equipment and certain clothing

Decrease

______ indicates frozen skin requiring hospitalization

Deep frostbite

Body must be able to _______ to maintain homeostasis

Dissipate heat

Heat Syncope Symptoms

Dizziness, fainting, nausea

Hyponatremia

Drink too much water, and it flushes all the nutrients (sodium) out of your system

Frost Nip involves ____, ____, ___, ____, and _____

Ears, nose, chin, fingers, toes

When someone passes out, ______

Elevate their legs

Hyperthermia

Elevated body temperature .

The _____ of sweat dissipates the heat.

Evaporation

A count of 15 seconds from time lightning is sighted to the clap of thunder=______

Everyone should leave the field

Homeostasis

Everything stays equal

Hyper=______

Excessive

Exertional Heat Cramps Cause

Excessive sweating causes large amounts of water and small amounts of sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium

_______ is the first major red flag of a dangerous heat illness

Exertional Heat Cramps

_________ are painful muscle spasms caused by excessive sweating and imbalance of nutrients in system

Exertional heat cramps

_______ individuals are more susceptible to skin cancer

Fair skinned

Treatment of frost nip

Firm pressure, blowing warm air, or hands in armpits (if fingers involved)

Sports drinks replace ________

Fluid and electrolytes

When you see lightning striking, the lightning is ________

Going back up after it has already hit the ground

_______ is the most effective method of avoiding heat stress

Gradual acclimization

Treatment of deep frostbite

Gradual re-warming (100-110 F)

If _______ you are in imminent danger

Hair stands up on hand

_______ is the least severe heat illness

Heat Rash/Prickly Heat

Heat Syncope is also known as _______

Heat collapse

Sweating does not cause ______

Heat loss

Problems arise when _____ exceeds ______ generated by metabolism

Heat loss, heat production

______ is a serious, life-threatening medical emergency

Heatstroke

Higher metabolism=________

Higher body temperature

Due to _______ obtained on turf, injuries involving collisions could be _______

Higher speeds, more severe

SPF indicates ________

How many times longer an individual can be exposed to the sun with vs without sunscreen before skin turns red

Turf toe is ______

Hyperextension of big toe

Formation of ______ between cells can destroy cells, disrupt blood flow, and possibly result in clotting

Ice crystals

Treatment of Exertional Heat Exhaustion

Immediate ingestion and eventually IV replacement of large quantities of water, and placement in a cool environment

Exertional Heat Exhaustion Cause:

Inadequate replacement of fluids lost through sweating

Flavoring= _________

Increased desire to consume

Dehydration and poor acclimatization=_____

Increased risk of heat illness

____ do not sweat

Infants

Treatment of Exertional Heat Cramps

Ingest large quantities of water/sports drink. Prolonged stretching with ice massage of spamming muscle.

A count of 30 seconds from time lightning is sighted to the clap of thunder=______

Inherent danger

Athletes with __________ are more susceptible to heat illness

Large muscle mass

Heat Syncope Treatment

Laying down in cool environment and replacing lost fluids

______ is the #2 cause of death by weather

Lightning

_______ is the worst type of skin cancer

Malignant melanoma

Injuries are ________ to occur when training on turf than training on grass

More likely

To recover from dehydration, ___________

Move to cool environment and begin rehydration

If thirst is. Ignored, dehydration results in _____, ______, _____, and ________

Nausea, vomiting, fainting, increased risk for heat illness

There is _________ that synthetic surface increases injury

Not conclusive evidence

Flash - to - bang

Number of seconds from lightning flash until the sound of thunder divided by 5 to determine the distance from the lightning strike

Heat stroke can ________

Occur suddenly

Heat Rash Cause

Occurs when the skin is continuously wet with un evaporated sweat. Typically in areas of the body that are covered with clothing.

Superficial frostbite appears _____, _____, _____, and ______

Pale, hard, cold, waxy

Person most likely to get heat exhaustion=______

Person in poor physical condition who attempts to exercise in the heat

Conductive heat exchange is _______ with other objects can result in either a heat loss or heat gain

Physical contact

Chillblains causes tingling pain due to ______

Poor peripheral circulation

_________ is characterized by dryness, cracking, and inelasticity of the skin

Premature aging

Overexposure to sun can cause ______ and _______ due to ultraviolet exposure

Premature aging, skin cancer

Heat related illness is 100% ______

Preventable

Heat Rash is also known as _____

Prickly heat

Heat Syncope/Heat Cramps/Heat Exhaustion=______

Rehydrate and cool

When treating Heatstroke, ________ is not as critical as lowering the core temperature

Replacement of fluids

An athlete who is experiencing heat cramps should not be allowed to return to play because ________

Risk of reoccurrence of cramping and predisposes them to more severe form of heat illness

Do not _____ frost nip

Rub

Avoid ____ suits

Rubberized

Synthetic surfaces lose ______

Shock absorbing capabilities

An athlete who is experiencing heat cramps _______ be allowed to return to play

Should not

Symptoms of frost nip

Skin appears firm with cold painless areas that may peel and blister (24-72 hours). Skin will appear red.

________ is the most common malignant tumor found in humans

Skin cancer

More CHO results in ______

Slower absorption

Small amounts of _____ help in retention of water

Sodium

Person most likely to get heat cramps=_________

Someone in good condition, but has over exerted themselves in heat

________ are more effective than just replacing fluids with water

Sports drinks

Heat Syncope Cause

Standing in heat for long periods or by not being accustomed to exercising in the heat. Also caused by hypotension (low BP)

SPF

Sun protection factor .

Radiant heat is an increase in body temperature from ________

Sunshine

_____ involves only skin and subcutaneous tissue

Superficial frostbite

_______ in the skin allow water to be transported to the surface, where it ______, taking large quantities of ____ with it

Sweat glands, evaporates, heat

Possibility of death from heatstroke can be reduced if __________

The body temperature can be lowered to normal within 45 minutes

______ the higher the SPF should be used

The greater the susceptibility

Majority of body heat is lost in ______

The head

When the temperature and radiant heat of the environment become higher than the body temperature, ________

The loss of body heat becomes highly dependent on sweat evaporation

Convective heat exchange is body heat lost or gained depending on ________

The temperature of the circulating medium

Water alone can prematurely stop ______ and initiate ________

Thirst response, fluid removal by kidneys

Localized cooling can result in _____

Tissue damage

_____ offers greater performance in areas of speed and resiliency

Turf

Cause of Heatstroke

Unknown

We also lose heat when we ______

Urinate

Heat Rash Treatment

Wash the area and replace their clothing with dry, clean clothing. Can also apply hydrocortisone

In sports with lots of gear, _______ before and after practice

Weigh athletes

Temperature in conjunction with ______ and ____ can increase chances of hypothermia

Wind chill, dampness

______ are physiologically more efficient with body temperature regulation

Women

Sunscreen use is at its highest March-November, but it should be used ______

Year round