Chapter 6, Formulating the Hypothesis

field experiments

research methods describe behaviors as they naturally occur. Which one can test hypotheses and establish causal relationships?

Falsifiable

(Disprovable) by the research findings

Experimental Hypothesis

A tentative explanation of an event or a behavior. It's a statement that predicts the effect of an IV on a DV EX: Cognitive behavior therapy CBT produces less relapse than antidepressants

Hypothesis

An explanation of a relationship between two or more variables Nonscientific synonyms: Speculation, guess, or hunch

inductive

B. F. Skinner's study of reinforcement involved the ____ approach to research

Meta-Analysis

Can provide helpful information about your topic -Is not experimental, but rather a statistical analysis of many similar studies -Measures the average effect size of an IV across studies that share similar methodologies -This statistical procedure helps establish the strength and external validity of a casual relationship

Walster et Al.

Formulated equity theory based on specific observations (induction) and then testes predictions from this theory (deduction)

Intuition

Knowing without reasoning, or unconscious problem-solving. This guides what we choose to study in an experiment

Fruitful

Leads to new studies

Analytic Statement

One that is always true EX: I am pregnant or I am not pregnant

Non experimental Hypothesis

Predicts how variables (events, traits, or behaviors) might be correlated, but not causally related EX: Red-haired patients receive less relief from pain meds than blonde patients

Introduction Section

Provides a selective review of research findings related to the research hypothesis -Identifies which questions have not been definitively answered by previous studies and helps show how your experimental advances knowledge in this area

Deductive Model

Reasoning from general principles to specific predictions. This approach is used to test the assumptions of a theory -Develop propositions using induction by examining specific cases. Then, make predictions using deduction

Inductive Model

Reasoning from specific cases to general principles to form a hypothesis -Researchers use this to construct theories by creating explanations that account for empirical data (observations)

deductive

Researchers have used equity theory to predict behavior in diverse interpersonal situations (e.g., helping behavior and romantic relationships). These predictions were generated using ____ reasoning.

Non synthetic Statements

Should be avoided at all costs; Falls into two categories : Analytic and Contradictory Statements

Contradictory Statement

Statements with elements that oppose each other; because contradictory statements are always false EX: I have a brother and I do not have a brother

Testable

The means for manipulating antecedent conditions and measuring the resulting behavior must exist

Parsimonious

When we prefer a simple hypothesis over one requiring many supporting assumptions -A simple hypothesis allows us to focus our attention on the main factors that influence our DV

Serendipity

When you find something you weren't expecting