Chapter 6 History of R & R - What's That Sound?

songwriters from Stax Records

David Porter and Isaac Hayes

Motown Records was located in which city?

Detroit

Which member of the Supremes left the group in 1969 to focus on a solo career?

Diana Ross

What was the purpose of the Motown "charm school"?

Educate artists from lower income areas on how to behave and carry themselves in different social situations to achieve crossover success

How did James Brown act as a bandleader?

He picked the best musicians he could find, rehearsed a lot, and fined them for mistakes.

Who was Cholly Atkins?

He was a choreographer who taught artists onstage movements and dance steps.

The nickname for Motown Records was ________.

Hitsville, USA

The Supremes had a string of hit songs written and produced by ________.

Holland Dozier

Berry Gordy got his start in songwriting by creating material for

Jackie Wilson

music producer who worked with Atlantic and Stax Records

Jerry Wexler

Who were the cofounders of Stax Records?

Jim Stewart and Estelle Axton

Which singer performed lead vocals in the Four Tops?

Levi Stubbs

James Brown's career began when he stood in for which musician?

Little Richard

had hit duet songs with Tammi Terrell

Marvin Gaye

Otis Redding, supported by Booker T. & the MG's, performed at the ________ in the spring of 1967.

Monterey Pop Festival

Which of the following labels had their artists tour the UK with hopes of creating a "reverse invasion"?

Motown

Where was Fame Studios located?

Muscle Shoals

Which of the following labels did Columbia revive in the 1950s to explore new R&B markets?

Okeh

Which Stax artist died in a plane crash in 1967?

Otis Redding

Explain the concept of the "delayed backbeat."

Rhythmic feature on Stax recordings, based on dance that stressed two and four; delayed those beats until they were almost out of time

Which artists were provided "on loan" to Stax studio by Jerry Wexler?

Sam and Dave

nickname for Stax Records

Soulsville, USA

After a number-one hit as a teenager, ________ began to self-produce his Motown albums and exert creative control over his music.

Stevie Wonder

Explain the difference between sweet soul and southern soul.

Sweet Soul- elegant and restrained; Southern Soul- more openly enthusiastic in emotions/expression, closely related to gospel

Name two successful Motown guy groups.

The Temptations and the Four Tops

Berry Gordy's desire to appeal to white audiences prompted

accusations that Motown had sold out

All of the following are characteristics of "the Stax sound" EXCEPT

backup vocals

James Brown's early hits were in what style?

doo-wop

All of the following are musical features of James Brown's "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag, Pt. I" EXCEPT

doo-wop-style backup vocals

Curtis Mayfield was most famously involved as a producer for the Four Tops.

false

The "delayed backbeat" is a concept specific to the Chess record label.

false

The quintessential Motown girl group in the 1960s was the Temptations.

false

There are no stylistic differences between Atlantic's approaches to sweet soul and southern soul.

false

James Brown's musical style turned toward

funk

Which type of music served as the root of Aretha Franklin's singing?

gospel

In comparison to Atlantic/Stax, the musical style of Motown is often viewed as

more pop-oriented

Originally, Martha Reeves was hired by Motown as a

secretary

Aretha Franklin is often called the "Queen of ________."

soul

Martha and the Vandellas were former members of which group?

the Del-Phins

a group that worked with James Brown for a period of time

the Fabulous Flames

a studio band for Motown Records

the Funk Brothers

Which group best represents the essence of the Chicago R&B scene in the 1960s?

the Impressions

Which Motown group showcased the high tenor voice of Eddie Kendricks?

the Temptations

Why did Berry Gordy want to move his label to Los Angeles?

to become more involved in the film industry

What was the purpose of the "quality control" meetings at Motown?

to hold a final test for each song, including its arrangement and recorded sound

According to Berry Gordy, Motown artists had to project an image of class and sophistication.

true

Berry Gordy's desire to appeal to white audiences prompted criticism that Motown sold out to white America.

true

Berry Gordy's method of production was derived from Brill Building practices.

true

By the early 1970s, the music of Marvin Gay, the Temptations, and Stevie Wonder increasingly considered issues related to black urban life.

true

In the early 1960s, Stax was a much smaller operation than Motown.

true

James Brown often fined musicians who made mistakes during performances.

true

Marvin Gaye initially sought a career as a pop crooner in the vein of Frank Sinatra and Nat "King" Cole.

true

Rock communities embraced southern R&B as the "real thing."

true

On the song "Baby Love," what was used to create the hand clap-like sounds in the introduction?

two-by-fours slapping together

The Primettes

was the former band name for the Supremes

One of the cofounders of Atlantic Records was

Ahmet Ertegun

The business partnership between Atlantic and Stax dissolved in part due to

Atlantic actually owning the master tapes for Stax recordings under contract

The first hit record for Motown from 1959 was

"Money (That's What I Want)"

a hit song for the Temptations

"My Girl"

a cover version was recorded by Aretha Franklin

"Respect"

the last song released before Diana Ross started her solo career

"Someday We'll Be Together"

Stevie Wonder's first number-one hit on the pop and rhythm-and-blues chart was

"Fingertips, Pt. 2"

Which Stax song first used the rhythmic concept of the "delayed backbeat"?

"In the Midnight Hour"

What was "quality control" for Motown Records?

Berry Gordy and his staff tested songs ; arrangements and potential releases were voted on to see what made the cut

Many Stax recordings depended on their studio band called

Booker T. & the MG's

The period 1964-1967 at Motown was dominated by which writing and production team?

Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier, and Eddie Holland

The Chicago record label ________ released a broad range of black pop during the 1960s by artists such as Etta James, Sugar Pie DeSanto, and Jackie Ross.

Chess

By following the example of ________ with 1950s crossovers, Berry Gordy decided that original versions of Motown recordings should be acceptable to white audiences.

Chuck Berry

Aretha Franklin's first record contract was with which label?

Columbia

two members from Booker T. & the MG's

Cropper and Dunn