Chapter 6 Lipid

Rank the following to describe the fate of triglycerides stored in adipose tissue if your body needs energy.

1. Adipose cells break down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol molecules 2. Fatty acids and glycerol are released into the bloodstream 3. Cells remove fatty acids from the blood and the liver removes glycerol from the blood. 4. Cells metabolize fatty acids for energy and the liver converts glycerol into glucose for energy.

The Adequate Intake of alpha-linolenic acid for men and women (ages 19-50 years old) is

1.6 g/day and 1.1 g/day, respectively

polyunsaturated fatty acid

two or more double bonds

______ fatty acids must be supplied by the diet, whereas ______ fatty acids can be synthesized by the body and do not need to be supplied by the diet.

Essential; nonessential

Trans fatty acid

hydrogens are on opposite sides of the fatty acid backbone

has three fatty acids attached to glycerol.

Triglycerides

Cis fatty acid

causes the carbon chain to bend

What are some good food sources of monounsaturated fats?

peanut oil canola oil olive oil

molecule functions as a major structural component of cell membranes.

phospholipids

Which types of lipids are synthesized by the body?

phospholipids triglycerides cholesterol

Major modifiable risk factors, such as hypertension, elevated blood cholesterol, diabetes, and excess body fat can be positively impacted by _____.

physical activity dietary changes

People with higher levels of homocysteine in their blood may be at an increased risk for developing

CVD

A lipid found only in foods that contain animal products is

Cholesterol

Primarily, fatty acids are transported through the bloodstream______.

as part of lipoproteins

The underlying cause of most cases of heart disease is

atherosclerosis

Which of the following substances are types of lipids?

cholesterol triglycerides

Reducing the consumption of saturated fat and keeping trans fat as low as possible will most likely cause a person's risk of developing atherosclerosis to _____.

decrease

omega-3

decrease blood clotting and inflammation

Consuming light to moderate amounts of alcohol can _____.

decrease platelet stickiness reduce blood levels of fibrinogen raise HDL cholesterol levels

For the general population, egg consumption _____ increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

does not

chylomicron remnant

removed from circulation by the liver and recycled to make other lipoproteins and bile acids

The main difference in chemical structure between mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids is that polyunsaturated fatty acids contain______.

two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

An economical source of protein and many micronutrients, the ______has the most concentrated source of cholesterol in the typical American diet, but does not increase the general population's risk of cardiovascular disease.

egg

is the most abundant phospholipid in food.

Lecithin

What are some good food sources of phospholipids?

Peanuts, wheat germ, and soy beans.

Lecithin is a common example of a(n)_________, which is naturally found in plant and animal foods.

Phospholipid

A _______ fatty acid is completely filled with hydrogen atoms.

saturated

Cholesterol lowering margarines contain plant _____, which may lower cholesterol in people with mildly elevated cholesterol levels.

sterols

Cholesterol lowering margarines contain plant______, which may lower cholesterol in people with mildly elevated cholesterol levels.

sterols

An omega-3 fatty acid is______.

unsarturated

free fatty acids

Absorbed by cells within the vicinity and reform into triglyceride for storage or use

Each gram of alcohol provides ______ kilocalories.

7

What are the products of fat digestion in the small intestine?

fatty acids glycerol monoglycerides

What is a symptom associated with insufficient consumption of essential fatty acids?

hair loss

What are some deficiency symptoms experienced with inadequate consumption of essential fatty acids?

hair loss scaly skin imparied wound healing

Elevated blood levels of the amino acid ____may be associated with cardiovascular disease, either by contributing to atherosclerosis or simply as a marker that indicates the presence of cardiovascular disease.

homocysteine

Modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include _____.

hypertension tobacco Use excess body fat type 2 diabetes

The primary site of lipid digestion is the _____.

small intestine

Excess protein, carbohydrates, and alcohol can all stimulate the production of ________, which leads to excess body fat accumulation.

triglycerides

omega-6

increase blood clotting and inflammation

Maintaining cell membranes, insulating the body against cold temperatures, cushioning the body against bumps and blows, and contributing to body contours are all traits of which nutrient?

lipid

Obesity, certain cancers, and cardiovascular disease are all serious health conditions that often result from consuming high amounts of _____.

lipid

Triglycerides, phospholipids, fatty acids, and cholesterol are types of _____.

lipid

When you are eating and drinking alcohol during a meal, the food in the meal______.

slows the rate at which alcohol appears in your blood delays alcohol absorption from the stomach

Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipid fragments are all end products of lipid digestion that occurs in the _____.

small intestine

is the primary site of lipid digestion.

small intestine

The most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include _____.

stroke coronary artery disease

Although hypertension is sometimes called a "silent disease" because most people with hypertension show no obvious symptoms, it is serious and increases risk of _____.

stroke heart failure kidney disease

True or false: Lipid digestion begins once food reaches the stomach.

true

You just ate a food item containing 5 grams of fat, which means that the food provides

45 kcal from fat

Trans fatty acid

Allows the carbon chain to remain straighter

The fat-related information on the Nutrition Facts panel includes total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, and _____.

cholesterol

By reading the Nutrition Facts panel, you can determine how much _____ are in most packaged foods.

cholesterol trans fat total fat saturated fat

saturated fatty acid

contains no double bonds

What are some good food sources of polyunsaturated fats?

corn oil soybean oil

Alcohol can affect _____ (choose the best answer).

every system in the body

Modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include _____.

excess body fat tobacco Use type 2 diabetes hypertension

Children with fetal alcohol syndrome experience______.

facial defects delayed physical development intellectual disabilities heart defects

True or false: Cholesterol cannot be synthesized by the body.

false

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for _____ is 20% to 35% of total calories.

fat

A severe and devastating form of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder that results in a child with facial and heart defects is called

fetal alcohol syndrome

Describe the digestion and absorption of alcohol.

Alcohol requires no digestion.

Manufacturers often add________to foods to keep oily and watery ingredients from separating during storage. Salad dressings and ice cream are two types of food that contain these agents.

emulsifiers

Cis fatty acid

hydrogens are on the same side of the fatty acid backbone

is a chronic condition that is characterized by high blood pressure levels that persist even when a person is relaxed.

hypertension

Some types of plant oils, especially tropical oils such as coconut and palm oils, contain high amounts of ________ fats.

saturated

When your body needs energy, _____cells break down some stored triglycerides into fatty acid and glycerol molecules and release these substances into your bloodstream.

adipose

Peanuts, peanut oil, canola oil, olives, almonds, and avocados are all rich in _____.

monounsaturated fat

What are the functions of phospholipids in the body?

necessary for normal nerve function form lipid bilayer of cell membranes

monounsaturated fatty acid

one carbon-carbon double bond

Fats are soluble in______.

organic solvents such as alcohol and acetone

Which enzyme digests triglycerides by removing fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule?

pancreatic lipase

Lipids are important for______.

producing certain hormones providing and storing energy insulating the body against cold temperatures

Where are the small cholesterol-rich remnants of chylomicrons cleared from the bloodstream and used to synthesize new lipids and other lipoproteins?

liver

The major adverse health conditions associated with consuming high amounts of fat are _____.

heart disease obesity certain cancers stroke

How many kcal are in one gram of fat?

9

Olive oil is a rich source of _____.

monounsaturated fatty acids

Which statement is true about the hydrogenation process?

It produces trans fats.

The lipoprotein that carries lipids away from tissues and to the liver is

HDL

What is the chemical structure of an omega-3 fatty acid?

It contains the first carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain.

What does it mean when a fatty acid is considered essential?

It must be supplied by the diet in order to maintain health.

The lipoprotein that carries the highest concentration of cholesterol to cells in the body is _____.

LDL

Which foods are rich in monounsaturated fats?

Peanuts Olives

What are some ways to reduce a person's risk of developing CVD (check all that apply)?

Quit smoking Reduce alcohol intake Eat whole-grain foods

Select the dietary changes that will most likely lower the risk of atherosclerosis development.

Replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats. Reducing consumption of saturated fat to less than 10% of total Calories.

is a drug that, when consumed in excess (often via binge drinking), can damage every system in the body.

alcohol

protein

The body can convert certain amino acids into fatty acids.

carbohydrates

The body can convert excess glucose into fatty acids.

Which statement is true?

Women are more prone to the alcohol impairment when compared to men.

Cholesterol is found only in foods from _____ products.

animal

Which type of fat is most prominent in the typical American diet?

animal fats

According to the Dietary Guidelines cholesterol intake should be _____.

as little as possible

Choose the major forms of cardiovascular disease.

chronic high blood pressure heart disease stroke peripheral artery disease

The main characteristic that all types of lipid molecules have in common is that they are ______ in water.

insoluble

Non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include _____.

male sex increasing age family history (genetics)

Safflower, corn, soybean, and cottonseed oils are all rich in _______fat. Diets high in this type of fat may lead to the reduction of total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL cholesterol.

polyunsaturated

Which of the following foods are rich in polyunsaturated fat?

soybean oil corn oil

Which of the following are food sources high in saturated fat?

steak whole milk

Fats are not soluble in

water

Since their body has less water, more alcohol remains in their bloodstream after they drink alcohol. As a result, their BAC rises faster and they become more intoxicated after drinking. This statement best applies to _____.

women

List the steps of dietary fat absorption from absorption in the small intestine and ending with entrance into the lymphatic system.

There is absorption of glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids into small intestinal cells. Triglycerides are reassembled Triglycerides are packed into chylomicron Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system

Which of the following information about fat is required on the Nutrition Facts panel

Total fat (grams) Calories from fat Cholesterol (mg) Saturated fat (grams) Trans fat (grams)

fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of___ fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process.

Trans, saturated

What is the best way to reduce a person's risk of CVD?

Lose excess body fat

Choose the statements that are true regarding plant food sterols and stanols.

Plant sterols have blood cholesterol-lowering properties. Plants contain sterols similar to cholesterol.

What helps enhance the digestion and absorption of lipid by keeping lipids dispersed in small particles, increasing their surface area?

bile salts

An LDL level of 154 would be classified by the American Heart Association as _____.

borderline high

Although _____is not metabolized for energy, cells use the lipid to synthesize a variety of substances, including vitamin D, and steroid hormones such as estrogen and testosterone.

cholesterol

Hypertension is sometimes called a " ________ ____________" ," but it is still very serious and can increase a person's risk for developing a stroke, heart failure, and kidney disease.

silent disease

alcohol

stimulates triglyceride synthesis, which can result in storage of excess triglycerides in adipose tissue

Liquid corn oil is a rich source of _____.

unsaturated fatty acids

What is the "backbone" of a triglyceride?

glycerol

Most cases of disease and result from atherosclerosis.

heart, stroke

What is a non-modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

Genetics

Chylomicrons are too large to be absorbed directly into the bloodstream and must pass through the larger openings of_______, which are lymphatic system vessels in each villus.

Lacteals

Lipase is activated in the stomach by _____.

acid

Each gram of , a non-nutrient, provides 7kcal.

alcohol

Which of the following are classified as saturated fats?

palm oil coconut oil

A long-chain fatty acid is defined as______.

a fatty acid that contains 14 or more carbon atoms in length

is a general term for water-soluble structures that transport lipids throughout the bloodstream.

Lipoprotein

Elevated blood levels of the amino acid may be associated with cardiovascular disease, either by contributing to atherosclerosis or simply as a marker that indicates the presence of cardiovascular disease.

homocysteine

Choose the statements that describe how bile salts enhance the digestion and absorption of lipids.

keeping lipids dispersed in small particles forming a micelle increasing the surface area of the lipid

Egg yolks, liver, wheat germ, peanut butter, and soybeans are all rich sources of the phospholipid

lecithin

Consuming ______ amounts of alcohol raises HDL cholesterol levels, reduces blood levels of fibrinogen, and decreases platelet stickiness.

light

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for which macronutrient is 20-35% of total calories?

lipid

Which of the following are functions of cholesterol?

synthesis of certain bile acids incorporation into cell structures synthesis of certain hormones

Dietary fats and oils are classified as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated based on______.

the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration

True or false: The classification of fats and oils is based on the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration.

true

Why are emulsifiers important in cooking and baking?

help keep mixtures from separating