Chapter 6 Lipid
Rank the following to describe the fate of triglycerides stored in adipose tissue if your body needs energy.
1. Adipose cells break down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol molecules 2. Fatty acids and glycerol are released into the bloodstream 3. Cells remove fatty acids from the blood and the liver removes glycerol from the blood. 4. Cells metabolize fatty acids for energy and the liver converts glycerol into glucose for energy.
The Adequate Intake of alpha-linolenic acid for men and women (ages 19-50 years old) is
1.6 g/day and 1.1 g/day, respectively
polyunsaturated fatty acid
two or more double bonds
______ fatty acids must be supplied by the diet, whereas ______ fatty acids can be synthesized by the body and do not need to be supplied by the diet.
Essential; nonessential
Trans fatty acid
hydrogens are on opposite sides of the fatty acid backbone
has three fatty acids attached to glycerol.
Triglycerides
Cis fatty acid
causes the carbon chain to bend
What are some good food sources of monounsaturated fats?
peanut oil canola oil olive oil
molecule functions as a major structural component of cell membranes.
phospholipids
Which types of lipids are synthesized by the body?
phospholipids triglycerides cholesterol
Major modifiable risk factors, such as hypertension, elevated blood cholesterol, diabetes, and excess body fat can be positively impacted by _____.
physical activity dietary changes
People with higher levels of homocysteine in their blood may be at an increased risk for developing
CVD
A lipid found only in foods that contain animal products is
Cholesterol
Primarily, fatty acids are transported through the bloodstream______.
as part of lipoproteins
The underlying cause of most cases of heart disease is
atherosclerosis
Which of the following substances are types of lipids?
cholesterol triglycerides
Reducing the consumption of saturated fat and keeping trans fat as low as possible will most likely cause a person's risk of developing atherosclerosis to _____.
decrease
omega-3
decrease blood clotting and inflammation
Consuming light to moderate amounts of alcohol can _____.
decrease platelet stickiness reduce blood levels of fibrinogen raise HDL cholesterol levels
For the general population, egg consumption _____ increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
does not
chylomicron remnant
removed from circulation by the liver and recycled to make other lipoproteins and bile acids
The main difference in chemical structure between mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids is that polyunsaturated fatty acids contain______.
two or more carbon-carbon double bonds
An economical source of protein and many micronutrients, the ______has the most concentrated source of cholesterol in the typical American diet, but does not increase the general population's risk of cardiovascular disease.
egg
is the most abundant phospholipid in food.
Lecithin
What are some good food sources of phospholipids?
Peanuts, wheat germ, and soy beans.
Lecithin is a common example of a(n)_________, which is naturally found in plant and animal foods.
Phospholipid
A _______ fatty acid is completely filled with hydrogen atoms.
saturated
Cholesterol lowering margarines contain plant _____, which may lower cholesterol in people with mildly elevated cholesterol levels.
sterols
Cholesterol lowering margarines contain plant______, which may lower cholesterol in people with mildly elevated cholesterol levels.
sterols
An omega-3 fatty acid is______.
unsarturated
free fatty acids
Absorbed by cells within the vicinity and reform into triglyceride for storage or use
Each gram of alcohol provides ______ kilocalories.
7
What are the products of fat digestion in the small intestine?
fatty acids glycerol monoglycerides
What is a symptom associated with insufficient consumption of essential fatty acids?
hair loss
What are some deficiency symptoms experienced with inadequate consumption of essential fatty acids?
hair loss scaly skin imparied wound healing
Elevated blood levels of the amino acid ____may be associated with cardiovascular disease, either by contributing to atherosclerosis or simply as a marker that indicates the presence of cardiovascular disease.
homocysteine
Modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include _____.
hypertension tobacco Use excess body fat type 2 diabetes
The primary site of lipid digestion is the _____.
small intestine
Excess protein, carbohydrates, and alcohol can all stimulate the production of ________, which leads to excess body fat accumulation.
triglycerides
omega-6
increase blood clotting and inflammation
Maintaining cell membranes, insulating the body against cold temperatures, cushioning the body against bumps and blows, and contributing to body contours are all traits of which nutrient?
lipid
Obesity, certain cancers, and cardiovascular disease are all serious health conditions that often result from consuming high amounts of _____.
lipid
Triglycerides, phospholipids, fatty acids, and cholesterol are types of _____.
lipid
When you are eating and drinking alcohol during a meal, the food in the meal______.
slows the rate at which alcohol appears in your blood delays alcohol absorption from the stomach
Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipid fragments are all end products of lipid digestion that occurs in the _____.
small intestine
is the primary site of lipid digestion.
small intestine
The most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include _____.
stroke coronary artery disease
Although hypertension is sometimes called a "silent disease" because most people with hypertension show no obvious symptoms, it is serious and increases risk of _____.
stroke heart failure kidney disease
True or false: Lipid digestion begins once food reaches the stomach.
true
You just ate a food item containing 5 grams of fat, which means that the food provides
45 kcal from fat
Trans fatty acid
Allows the carbon chain to remain straighter
The fat-related information on the Nutrition Facts panel includes total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, and _____.
cholesterol
By reading the Nutrition Facts panel, you can determine how much _____ are in most packaged foods.
cholesterol trans fat total fat saturated fat
saturated fatty acid
contains no double bonds
What are some good food sources of polyunsaturated fats?
corn oil soybean oil
Alcohol can affect _____ (choose the best answer).
every system in the body
Modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include _____.
excess body fat tobacco Use type 2 diabetes hypertension
Children with fetal alcohol syndrome experience______.
facial defects delayed physical development intellectual disabilities heart defects
True or false: Cholesterol cannot be synthesized by the body.
false
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for _____ is 20% to 35% of total calories.
fat
A severe and devastating form of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder that results in a child with facial and heart defects is called
fetal alcohol syndrome
Describe the digestion and absorption of alcohol.
Alcohol requires no digestion.
Manufacturers often add________to foods to keep oily and watery ingredients from separating during storage. Salad dressings and ice cream are two types of food that contain these agents.
emulsifiers
Cis fatty acid
hydrogens are on the same side of the fatty acid backbone
is a chronic condition that is characterized by high blood pressure levels that persist even when a person is relaxed.
hypertension
Some types of plant oils, especially tropical oils such as coconut and palm oils, contain high amounts of ________ fats.
saturated
When your body needs energy, _____cells break down some stored triglycerides into fatty acid and glycerol molecules and release these substances into your bloodstream.
adipose
Peanuts, peanut oil, canola oil, olives, almonds, and avocados are all rich in _____.
monounsaturated fat
What are the functions of phospholipids in the body?
necessary for normal nerve function form lipid bilayer of cell membranes
monounsaturated fatty acid
one carbon-carbon double bond
Fats are soluble in______.
organic solvents such as alcohol and acetone
Which enzyme digests triglycerides by removing fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule?
pancreatic lipase
Lipids are important for______.
producing certain hormones providing and storing energy insulating the body against cold temperatures
Where are the small cholesterol-rich remnants of chylomicrons cleared from the bloodstream and used to synthesize new lipids and other lipoproteins?
liver
The major adverse health conditions associated with consuming high amounts of fat are _____.
heart disease obesity certain cancers stroke
How many kcal are in one gram of fat?
9
Olive oil is a rich source of _____.
monounsaturated fatty acids
Which statement is true about the hydrogenation process?
It produces trans fats.
The lipoprotein that carries lipids away from tissues and to the liver is
HDL
What is the chemical structure of an omega-3 fatty acid?
It contains the first carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain.
What does it mean when a fatty acid is considered essential?
It must be supplied by the diet in order to maintain health.
The lipoprotein that carries the highest concentration of cholesterol to cells in the body is _____.
LDL
Which foods are rich in monounsaturated fats?
Peanuts Olives
What are some ways to reduce a person's risk of developing CVD (check all that apply)?
Quit smoking Reduce alcohol intake Eat whole-grain foods
Select the dietary changes that will most likely lower the risk of atherosclerosis development.
Replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats. Reducing consumption of saturated fat to less than 10% of total Calories.
is a drug that, when consumed in excess (often via binge drinking), can damage every system in the body.
alcohol
protein
The body can convert certain amino acids into fatty acids.
carbohydrates
The body can convert excess glucose into fatty acids.
Which statement is true?
Women are more prone to the alcohol impairment when compared to men.
Cholesterol is found only in foods from _____ products.
animal
Which type of fat is most prominent in the typical American diet?
animal fats
According to the Dietary Guidelines cholesterol intake should be _____.
as little as possible
Choose the major forms of cardiovascular disease.
chronic high blood pressure heart disease stroke peripheral artery disease
The main characteristic that all types of lipid molecules have in common is that they are ______ in water.
insoluble
Non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include _____.
male sex increasing age family history (genetics)
Safflower, corn, soybean, and cottonseed oils are all rich in _______fat. Diets high in this type of fat may lead to the reduction of total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL cholesterol.
polyunsaturated
Which of the following foods are rich in polyunsaturated fat?
soybean oil corn oil
Which of the following are food sources high in saturated fat?
steak whole milk
Fats are not soluble in
water
Since their body has less water, more alcohol remains in their bloodstream after they drink alcohol. As a result, their BAC rises faster and they become more intoxicated after drinking. This statement best applies to _____.
women
List the steps of dietary fat absorption from absorption in the small intestine and ending with entrance into the lymphatic system.
There is absorption of glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids into small intestinal cells. Triglycerides are reassembled Triglycerides are packed into chylomicron Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system
Which of the following information about fat is required on the Nutrition Facts panel
Total fat (grams) Calories from fat Cholesterol (mg) Saturated fat (grams) Trans fat (grams)
fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of___ fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process.
Trans, saturated
What is the best way to reduce a person's risk of CVD?
Lose excess body fat
Choose the statements that are true regarding plant food sterols and stanols.
Plant sterols have blood cholesterol-lowering properties. Plants contain sterols similar to cholesterol.
What helps enhance the digestion and absorption of lipid by keeping lipids dispersed in small particles, increasing their surface area?
bile salts
An LDL level of 154 would be classified by the American Heart Association as _____.
borderline high
Although _____is not metabolized for energy, cells use the lipid to synthesize a variety of substances, including vitamin D, and steroid hormones such as estrogen and testosterone.
cholesterol
Hypertension is sometimes called a " ________ ____________" ," but it is still very serious and can increase a person's risk for developing a stroke, heart failure, and kidney disease.
silent disease
alcohol
stimulates triglyceride synthesis, which can result in storage of excess triglycerides in adipose tissue
Liquid corn oil is a rich source of _____.
unsaturated fatty acids
What is the "backbone" of a triglyceride?
glycerol
Most cases of disease and result from atherosclerosis.
heart, stroke
What is a non-modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease?
Genetics
Chylomicrons are too large to be absorbed directly into the bloodstream and must pass through the larger openings of_______, which are lymphatic system vessels in each villus.
Lacteals
Lipase is activated in the stomach by _____.
acid
Each gram of , a non-nutrient, provides 7kcal.
alcohol
Which of the following are classified as saturated fats?
palm oil coconut oil
A long-chain fatty acid is defined as______.
a fatty acid that contains 14 or more carbon atoms in length
is a general term for water-soluble structures that transport lipids throughout the bloodstream.
Lipoprotein
Elevated blood levels of the amino acid may be associated with cardiovascular disease, either by contributing to atherosclerosis or simply as a marker that indicates the presence of cardiovascular disease.
homocysteine
Choose the statements that describe how bile salts enhance the digestion and absorption of lipids.
keeping lipids dispersed in small particles forming a micelle increasing the surface area of the lipid
Egg yolks, liver, wheat germ, peanut butter, and soybeans are all rich sources of the phospholipid
lecithin
Consuming ______ amounts of alcohol raises HDL cholesterol levels, reduces blood levels of fibrinogen, and decreases platelet stickiness.
light
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for which macronutrient is 20-35% of total calories?
lipid
Which of the following are functions of cholesterol?
synthesis of certain bile acids incorporation into cell structures synthesis of certain hormones
Dietary fats and oils are classified as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated based on______.
the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration
True or false: The classification of fats and oils is based on the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration.
true
Why are emulsifiers important in cooking and baking?
help keep mixtures from separating
