Chapter 6: Memory

In Hermann Ebbinghaus's classical study on memory and the forgetting curve, how long after learning the lists does most forgetting happen?

1 hour

Early studies of the capacity of short-term memory suggested that most people could remember approximately__________ bits of information.

7

Of the following, which is the most similar to the concept of long-term memory?

a computer hard drive

Research by Elizabeth Loftus shows that eyewitness recognition is very prone to what psychologists call

a false positive

Which neurotransmitters is no longer readily produced in Alzheimer's patients?

acetylcholine

Chantal is very afraid of clowns, no doubt because she was frightened by one when she was very young. Chantal's memories of that fearful encounter are likely to be associated with the______.

amygdala

A key component for any person to believe that a false event is in fact true is to make sure that the false event is in fact true is to make sure that the false information is

as plausible as possible

The tendency of certain elements to enter long-term memory with little or no effort to encode and organize them is what defines

automatic encoding

Which type of memory system best explains the "what?" phenomenon?

echoic sensory system

Colin is asked to repeat what his mother just told him. He says he "forgot," but in reality Collin wasn't paying attention to his mother at all. this is an example of the ___________ explanation of forgetting.

encoding failure

What concept suggests that the best place to study for your psychology final to ensure good retrieval to concepts is your psychology classroom?

encoding specificity

According to Sperling, what is the capacity of iconic memory?

everything that can be seen at one time

Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.) suffered from profound anterograde amnesia after his __________ were surgically removed in an attempt to control his seizures.

hippocampi

Research has demonstrated that you can enhance your memory for a specific word if you think about its meaning, how it can be used, and by giving a personal example of its use. This is the best accounted for by which model of memory?

levels-of-processing model

In Loftus's 1978 study, subjects viewed a slide presentation of an accident. Later, some of the subjects were asked a question about a yield sign when the actual slides contained pictures of a stop sign. When presented with this accurate information, how did these subjects typically respond?

many subject's overall accuracy dropped when confronted with conflicting information

The semantic network model of memory suggests that the ________ nodes you must pass through to access information, the longer it will takes for you to recall information.

more

_________ memory includes what people can do or demonstrate, whereas________ memory is about what people know and can report.

nondeclarative; declarative

Which model of memory suggests that memory processes occur throughout a neural network simultaneously?

parallel distributed processing model

The steps to memory can best be described as follows:

putting it in, keeping it in, getting it out

Multiple-choice test questions typically rely on ___________, while essay questions rely on ______________.

recognition; recall

Ruth has just finished her research paper and handed it in. As she walks out of the classroom, she realizes that there were a few more things she should have included in the paper. Ruth's problem is in the memory process of?

retrieval

What type of amnesia do you have when you cannot remember things that happened before a traumatic accident?

retrograde amnesia

Human memory consists of multiple systems that have the ability to store information for periods of time that range from _______ to ________.

seconds; our lifetime

Information enters into short-term memory through a process known as ____________.

selective attention

For information to travel from either the iconic or echoic sensory system to short-term memory, it must be first be ___________ and then encoded primarily into ________ form.

selectively attended to; auditory

_________ memories are said to linger in the mind for a few seconds, allowing people that chance to keep up with the flow of conversations and remember what was just said.

Echoic

The ability to remember where you were and what you were doing when the U.S. was attacked on September 11, 2011, is an example of

flashbulb memory