Chapter 6: Memory Psychology 1010

retrieval

the third memory process the location of stored information and its return to consciousness

sensory memory

the tupe or stage of memory first encountered by a stimulis; sensory memory holds impressions briefly but long enough so that series od perfeptions are psychologically continios

Interference theory

the view that we may forget stored material because other learning interfers with it

storage

the second memory process the maintenance of information over time

Echoic memory

the sensory register that briefly hold mental representation of auditory stimuli

Semantic memory (i know,...)

-a second kind of explicit memory -example: i know shakespeare wrote hamlet I know the us has 50 states etc

Implicit Memory

-nondeclaritive memory -memory of how ro preform a task -the act itself of riding a bike or accessing your phone contacts - illistrated bu what people do NOT what they say -reffered to as procedural and skill memories

Retrospective memory

the recalling of infomation that had been previously learned. -examples: episidic semantic snd implicit memories

Icon

A Mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory

Method of savings

A measure of retention in which the difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed is calculated

Chunk

A stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as discrete piece of information

Schema

A way of mentally representing the world such as a belief or an expectation that can influence perception of persons objects and situations

Engram

An assumed electrical circuit in the brain that corresponsd to a memory trace

You and your best friend wish to open a coffee shop. Since customers' recollection of business phone numbers increases sales, you and your friend obtain the phone number 263-3337, which spells out "coffees." You are using which technique to help your customers remember your phone number?

Chunking

Research has found that odors often trigger memories and that studying in the same room in which one will be tested is often helpful in retrieving memories. These are examples of

Context-dependant Memory

You are studying your geography notes; and, in order to organize the names of the Great Lakes in your memory, you use the acronym H-O-M-E-S for Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior. You are attempting to modify this information about the Great Lakes and make it meaningful using which memory process?

Encoding

Long term potentiation (LTP)

Enhanced efficiency in synaptic transmission that follows brief rapid stimulation - Dendrites can also Participate in LTP by sprouting new branches that attatch to the transmitting axon

Anterograde amnesia

Failure to remember events that occured prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma

You remember what class you were in and what subject the teacher was discussing when she announced to the class that the World Trade Center had been attacked the morning of September 11, 2001. For you and many other people, this event has become a(n)

Flashbulb memory

You look at the beautiful sunset and then close your eyes. For a brief second, this visual image will be held in a part of your sensory memory known as ________ memory.

Iconic

Repression

In Frueds psycho dynamic theory the ejection of anxiety evoking ideas from conscious awareness

Displace

In memory theory to cause information to be lost from short term memory by addind new information

Infantile Amnesia

Inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so (also termed childhood amnesia)

State-dependent memory

Information that is better retrieved in teh physioloigcal or emotional state in which it was encoded or learned

Context-dependent memory

Information that is better retrieved in the context in which it was encoded and stored and learned

The release of more serotonin at synapses as well as dendrites sprouting new branches that connect with transmitting axons result in

Long-term potentiation

Dissociative amnesia

Loss of memory of personal information that is though to stem from psychological conflict or trauma

Eli is about to take an anatomy test on the 12 cranial nerves, so he keeps repeating their names to himself over and over again. Eli is trying to keep the names of the nerves in mind by using

Maintenance Rehearsal

As Carolyn is driving to work, an old song comes on the radio, which reminds her of driving around with her two best friends on weekend decades ago. She thinks back to those long ago "fun" times and decides that tonight she will give both of her old friends a call. Which part of her brain allowed Carolyn to mentally travel back in time and reexperience her past as well as helping her focus on her plans to call her friends in the near future?

Prefrontal Cortex

Marie and her husband have just moved to a new city and have a new address. For the first few weeks, every time she starts to write down her new address on a job application, she begins writing her old address where she previously lived for five years. Marie is experiencing

Proactive Interference when old learning interferes with one's ability to retrieve material learned recently (her new address).

As you shift gears using the clutch and the standard stick shift in your car, you are utilizing which type of memory?

Procedural memory

You had planned to meet your friend for coffee after work, but didn't think about it until she called from the coffee shop asking where you were. You experienced a failure of ________ memory.

Prospective

Recall

Recall is a memory task in which one must reproduce or completely retrieve the information with few cues, such as on essay or fill-in-the blank tests.

REcognition

Recognition is the easiest memory task in which the person must recognize or distinguish the correct stimulus among several similar, but incorrect stimuli, such as on multiple choice, true-false, and matching tests.

You are taking an introductory psychology course with approximately 200 other students. The professor explains on the first day that this semester, there will be five multiple choice tests given, each over three chapters. Your memory for psychology concepts and theories in this course will be measured using

Recognition: Recognition is the easiest memory task in which the person must recognize or distinguish the correct stimulus among several similar, but incorrect stimuli, such as on multiple choice, true-false, and matching tests.

Retroactive Interference

Retroactive interference occurs when new learning interferes with the ability to retrieve material learned previously.

Al was in a car accident on the interstate and sustained broken bones and a concussion. When Al becomes conscious at the hospital, he is asked by the police officers to tell them what happened. However, the last thing Al remembers is driving past a particular town, which took place 20 minutes before the accident occurred. Al is most likely suffering from ________ amnesia.

Retrograde

You are taking the psychology final exam, and one of the fill-in-the-blank questions asks for the "name of the person who developed psychoanalysis." This question requires which type of memory?

Semantic Memory

You are participating in a group study session when the group needs to do some online research. So, you pull out your laptop, and one member begins to spell the long medical term to you. You beginning typing the letters into the computer when some glitch erases the letters you have just typed, and you tell the other group member to "spell it again." The letters of this term you were typing resided in your ________ memory.

Short-Term

Savings

The difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed

Tip of the Tongue (TOT) Phenomenon

The feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved: Also called the feeling of knowing experience

Proactice intereference

The intereference by old learning with the ability ot retreice material learnded recently

Retroactive Intereference

The intereference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously

While interviewing an eyewitness to a crime, a lawyer asks several leading questions of the witness that might influence or reconstruct the content of what the witness remembers. This lawyer's questioning may result in the witness experiencing

The misinformation Effect

When LaTanya is asked by a psychologist to recall events that happened to her prior to the age of three, she cannot remember any of them with her memories up to age five being somewhat cloudy as well. LaTanya most likely is experiencing

The normal occurrence of infantile amnesia

Iconic memory

The sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of visual stimuli

You are taking an essay test in psychology and have to list all eight of Erikson's psychosocial stages within your answer. You have no trouble remembering the first two stages and the last two stages, but you are mixing up those middle four stages. Your difficulty in remembering these middle stages illustrates

The serial- position effect

Misinformation effect

The shaping of bogus or slanted memories by providing innacurate information as for example in the form of leading questions

Serial- position effect

The tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series

Long- Term memory

The type or stage of memory capable of relatively permanent storage

Short term memory

The type or stage of memory that can hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of the stimulus decays (also called Working memory)

Zelda is trying to remember the name of the actor who played the lead in the film titanic she racalls the actors appearance and what his name sounds like but cjust cannot come up with his name. What is Zelda experienceing

Tip of the tongue Phenomonen

Echo

a mental representation of an auditory stimulus (sound) that is held breifly in sensory memory

Hippocampus

a structure in the limbic system that plays an important role in the formation of new memories

episodic memory (i remember...)

a type of explicit memory -memories of evenrs that happen to a person or take place in the persons presence -akso reffered to as autobiographical memory Example: your memories of what you ate for lunch and such.

Jill is studying operant conditioning in her psychology class. As her professor discusses the use of shaping, Jill remembered how she trained her own dog to do various tricks by reinforcing him with treats for approximations to the final trick. Jill is connecting this new concept of shaping to her past experience of training her dog, which illustrates the use of

elaborative Rehearsal

Although it has been six months, you still remember vivid details of your high school graduation, including the look of pride on your parents' faces and the excitement you were feeling. These memories of your high school graduation would be considered ________ memories.

episodic

nonsense syllables

meaningless sets of two consonants with a vowel in between that are used to study memory

explicit memory

memory that clearly and distinctly expresses specific information. example: general knowledge two kinds: episodic and semantic

maintenance rehearsal

mental repetition of information to keep in memory

encoding

modifying information so that it can be placed in memory: the first stage of information processing -common methods id to use visual acpustic and semantic codes

Paired associates

nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments to measure recall

memory trace

qn assumes change in the nervous syst thay reflects the impression made by a stimulus

prospective memory

refers to remembering things to do in the future

priming

the activation of specific associations in memory, often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access tr memory. - example: the alphabet and simple math

elaborative rehearsal

the kind of coding in which new information is related to information that is steady known

Eidetic Memory

the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes (what most would term as a photographic memory even though its not)

memory

the processes by which information is encoded stored and retrieved