Chapter 6 Psychology Inquizitive Q&A, Psychology in Your Life 1-7

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about conditioning by gradual steps.

B. F. Skinner coined the label "*operant*" for conditioning based on the consequences of an animal's actions, and the term "*reinforcer*" for the reward that encourages the behavior to be repeated. In the operant conditioning technique called *shaping*, a behavior is taught by reinforcing behaviors that *increasingly resemble* the desired behavior

Paige knew her friend's phone number, but she couldn't remember it

Blocking

An experienced chef chopping an onion

Cerebellum

Jan is trying to renew her driver's license and, after looking down to check her phone, didn't notice that the agent she was originally speaking to had been replaced by another. Why did jan fail to notice the switch

Change blindness

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about an alternative to operant conditioning.

*Edward Tolman* divided maze-running rats into three groups. One group received no reinforcement for completing a maze, a second group received reinforcement, and a third group *began* receiving reinforcement on day 11. The third group's results showed that during the first 10 days they had formed a *cognitive map* of the maze, so that they were primed to respond quickly once reinforcement occurred. The term for this is "*latent* learning."

A horse was mistreated and trained with a whip. When the horse did not respond to the trainer, the trainer raised her hand with the whip and hit the horse. The horse then moved to a new owner who did not use a whip or pain to train her horses. The first time she raised her hand up toward the horse, the horse backed up and bucked. Place in order the steps of counterconditioning that the new owner would use to retrain the horse not to buck with fear to a raised hand.

- Raise a hand with a sugar cube or other food treat for the horse - Say the word "whoa," then raise a hand with a sugar cube or other good treat for the horse. - Say the word "whoa" with a raised hand

A person has a phobia of dentists and needs to have dental work done. Sitting in the waiting room and hearing the drills sets off a panic response, and she leaves before her appointment. Place in order the steps a therapist would use to treat this phobia using systematic desensitization.

- Teach the client a relaxation response - Imagine the drilling sound while practicing relaxation - Imagine visiting the dentist office and practice relaxation while hearing the drill - Visit the dentist office for an appointment

Place in order the events for classical conditioning to occur.

- The unconditioned stimulus occurs, eliciting an unconditioned response - A neutral stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus - The neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus

A trainer who prepares horses for show jumping wants to use behavioral shaping to teach a horse to jump over a horizontal pole placed 5 feet off the ground. Place in order the steps through which the trainer would take the horse.

- Walk the horse over a pole lying on the ground - Raise the pole one foot off the ground and walk the horse over the pole - Trot the horse over the pole one foot off the ground - Jump the horse over the pole one foot off the ground - Keep raising the pole one foot at a time and jumping the horse over the pole until it can jump 5 feet

An experiment estimated the duration of _______ storage by showing participants a block of letters and then asking them to recall one row, specified by a ____. The experiment determined that participants very briefly remembered ____ of the letters, but after roughly ___________ second recalled only about half the letters

1. Sensory 2. Tone 3. Most 4. One-third of a

What strategies can increase one's short term or long term memory span?

1. Using working memory 2. Elaboration rehearsal 3. chunking

Talking with a student after class, the professor forgot his briefcase in the classroom

Absentmindedness

Learning to feel afraid when you hear ominous string music

Amygdala

Machala makes up a rhyming song to learn her chemistry formulas

Auditory memory

Which of the following increases the strength of the reinforcer?

Correct: - The more dopamine is released, the stronger the effect of the reinforcer. - The more one is deprived of the reinforcer, the stronger the effect. Incorrect: - The less deprived, the stronger the effect of the reinforcer. - Drugs that block dopamine lead to a stronger reinforcement effect.

Betty is 7 years old. When a dog approaches Betty while wagging its tail, she reaches down and pets the dog, and the dog licks her hand, which makes her giggle. The next time she sees a dog and goes to pet it, the dog growls and barks, scaring her. From then on, Betty only pets dogs with wagging tails, and she avoids growling dogs. Which options describe the way in which Betty has learned to pet only dogs that wag their tails?

Correct: - discrimination - generalization Incorrect: - extinction - spontaneous recovery

José has a food allergy to almonds and gets very ill if he eats any food containing almonds. While at a wedding, José starts to eat a piece of cake, but when he gets it close to his nose he smells the presence of almonds and does not eat it. He later learns that there was almond extract used in the cake. Which of the following describe José's ability to detect even the slightest presence of almonds?

Correct: - it's a prepared response - it's a classically conditioned response - it's adaptive Incorrect: - it's an unconditioned response

An injured tennis player has to take a break from playing. While she is healing, she watches videos of other players. She pays special attention to the service mechanics of some of the top players in her league. When she plays her first post-recovery match, she is surprised at how well she can serve. Which of the following helped her tennis serve improve?

Correct: - mirror neurons - observational learning Incorrect: - positive reinforcement - vicarious conditioning

Matthew has never gone to a school dance, but he wants to go to his senior prom and dance well. He watches a YouTube video to learn how to dance. At prom, he receives compliments on his dancing. How did Matthew learn to dance?

Correct: - observational learning - modeling Incorrect: - positive punishment - positive reinforcement

Using Margin Seligman's argument from biological preparedness, which photos would you predict would grab your attention?

Correct: - A photo of a burning house - A photo of a valley, as seen from the top of a cliff - A photo of a spider Incorrect: - A photo of a shoe - A photo of a child's toy - A photo of a prize-winning flower arrangement

Which of the following scenarios illustrate how biology constrains reinforcement?

Correct: - An actor has a hard time learning how to trip and fall convincingly. - A pre-teen with diabetes resists being taught how to give herself insulin injections. Incorrect: - An overworked lawyer has trouble remembering to pick her son up from school on time. - A college football player struggles to memorize the plays in the team's playbook. - A small boy has to be reminded over and over not to pet strange dogs without permission.

A mother is trying to toilet train her child. Which of the following would produce better results, based on the research on operant conditioning?

Correct: - At the start of toilet training, reward the child with praise and something the child likes every time the child tries to use the toilet. - As toilet training continues, wait until the child goes half a day with dry pants before rewarding the child with praise and something the child likes. Incorrect: - Take away a toy or something the child likes every time he soils his pants. - Scold the child every time he soils his pants.

During the summer months, Jessica gets frustrated taking the main roads because it takes her three times as long to get to her friend's house with the tourist traffic. Jessica takes back roads to avoid the traffic. According to Thorndike's Law of Effect, why did Jessica modify her behavior as described?

Correct: - Jessica finds that taking the main roads during tourist season is frustrating, leading to an annoying state of affairs. - Jessica finds that taking the back roads is faster, resulting in a satisfying state of affairs. Incorrect: - Jessica finds that taking the back roads during tourist season is an annoying state of affairs. - Jessica finds that taking the main roads during tourist season is a satisfying state of affairs.

What are two reasons why knowing about the types of learning would be useful for working with livestock on a commercial ranch?

Correct: - Livestock need to be conditioned to cooperate with health exams. - Livestock need to be taught to allow grooming. Incorrect: - Livestock need to be trained to eat and drink from provided sources of food and water. - Livestock are sometimes taught to perform tricks. - Livestock need to be taught to avoid eating harmful plants.

Annabel hasn't slept in two days. Her friends tell her they will buy her movie ticket if she goes out with them. Annabel chooses instead to go home and go to bed. Which of the following explain Annabel's decision?

Correct: - Sleep is a primary reinforcer and Annabel was sleep deprived. - Sleep is a biological reinforcer and Annabel was sleep deprived. Incorrect: - Sleep is a secondary reinforcer and Annabel was sleep deprived. - Going to the movies is a primary reinforcer.

Albert Bandura and his team followed up on their original Bobo doll experiment two years later. In the follow-up study, the film of an adult interacting aggressively with the doll ended in one of three different ways. What were those three ways?

Correct: - The adult was punished for the aggressive behavior be being both scolded and spanked. - The adult experienced no consequences for the aggressive behavior. - The adult was rewarded for the aggressive behavior with candy and praise. Incorrect: - The doll was shown lying in a corner, as if abandoned or "injured." - The adult played with the doll again, this time peacefully. - The adult turned to the camera and directly addressed the child viewing the film.

Ben travels the same route between home and work. One day the road he takes is closed with no detour signs. He easily makes his way back home, taking alternate roads that take him in the right direction. How is Ben able to find his way back home?

Correct: - cognitive map - latent learning Incorrect: - positive punishment - positive reinforcement

A blind man is walking to his favorite bakery. As a child, he smelled warm chocolate and then ate his mom's chocolate chip cookies. When the door to the bakery opens, he smells warm chocolate. Which of the following does the smell of warm chocolate serve as, for the blind man to anticipate his favorite cookie?

Correct: - conditioned stimulus - predictor - signal Incorrect: - unconditioned stimulus

When watching a movie, we feel sorrow when the main character is sad and experience joy when he or she triumphs over adversity. Which of the following allow us to feel what the main character is experiencing?

Correct: - empathy - mirror neurons Incorrect: - positive reinforcement - modeling

What happens in the brain when we learn?

Correct: - long-term potentiation occurs - the hippocampus is activated - synaptic connections strengthen Incorrect: - there are no changes in the brain

The high school vice principal notices that too few students are in their classrooms when the first bell rings. To increase the number of students in classrooms before the first bell, the vice principal states that students who are in their classroom when the first bell rings will not have to do their homework. If more students are in their classrooms before the first bell, which of the following are consequences and effects of the no-homework incentive?

Correct: - negative (stimulus removal) - reinforcement Incorrect: - punishment - positive (stimulus addition)

At his new school, Ian sees the other children obediently waiting in the cafeteria until the first bell rings. So Ian sits and waits, too. What types of learning is Ian demonstrating?

Correct: - observational learning - modeling Incorrect: - operant conditioning - classical conditioning - habituation

Children in a group home receive up to three tokens at the end of each day. They get one if they have completed their homework, one for completing chores, and one for cooperating with others. If they swear at, or hit, a staff member or one of the other children, they lose a token. If they earn twelve or more tokens by Friday, they may trade them in to go out to eat or to go see a movie. The kind of reward system used by the home is called a token economy. Which of the following elements of operant conditioning are at play here?

Correct: - positive reinforcement - secondary reinforcement - negative punishment Incorrect: - positive punishment - negative reinforcement

Andrew learns how to prepare a fancy chicken meal during a cooking class with Chef Norman LeClair. Everyone in the class compliments Chef LeClair on his delicious chicken. Which types of learning has Andrew engaged in?

Correct: - vicarious conditioning - observational learning - modeling Incorrect: - classical conditioning - operant conditioning

Jeanne remembers getting shots when she was a child. She remembers the doctor's white coat, the sight of the needle, and the pain as the needle went into her arm. As an adult, Jeanne experiences increased heart rate and shallow breathing during visits to the doctor. Which of the following triggers of faster heart rate and shallow breathing are now conditioned stimuli?

Correct: - white coat - sight of needle Incorrect: - needle in arm

Choose the phrase that best completes the sentence. The strongest conditioning occurs during acquisition when a previously neutral stimulus is presented ____________ .

Immediately before the unconditioned stimulus

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about early experimental work on conditioning.

In 1919, the psychologist John Watson reported using a loud clanging sound as *an unconditioned* stimulus to instill in a child named Albert a phobia of white rats and other white things. Shortly thereafter, a colleague of Watson's, *Mary Cover Jones*, used a child's favorite food as a stimulus to eliminate the child's fear of rabbits, a method of treating phobias called *counterconditioning*. More recently, the behavioral therapist *Joseph Wolpe* used this technique to develop a formal treatment called *systematic desensitization*.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about recent developments in the theory of classical conditioning.

In contrast to behaviorism, recent learning theory has emphasized the role of *cognition*: the conditioned stimulus helps an animal *predict* the unconditioned one. This relationship exists when the unconditioned stimulus is surprising and the conditioned stimulus comes *before* it. In such cases, the animal makes the connection between the stimuli especially *easily*.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about applying the principles of operant conditioning to health and fitness.

In developing an exercise program for yourself, set goals that are realistic, specific, and *measurable*. If your ultimate goals are ambitious, set incremental *subgoals*. When you succeed, reward yourself with reinforcers that are attainable and *enjoyable*. When you fail, refrain from the reinforcers—no *exceptions*!

Maria is studying in a kitchen where a noisy ceiling fan spins above her. After an hour, Maria no longer pays attention to the fan. What explains her current response?

Habituation

Learning your way around a new city

Hippocampus

The news article "Do Violent Games Boost Aggression? Study Adds Fire to Debate" discusses the merits of a 2014 study conducted in Singapore. The study reports that "children ages 8 to 17 who played a lot of violent video games showed an increase in aggressive behavior... three years later, compared to their behavior at the study start." What evidence does the article offer on the other side of the question—that is, evidence against the claim that violent games promote violent behavior?

In the broader culture, there has been a clear increase in children's exposure to various kinds of violent content but no corresponding increase in youth violence.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about one of the earliest scientific studies of behavioral learning.

In the late 1800s, Edward Thorndike observed cats placed in a specially designed box. When a cat pressed a lever *by accident*, the cat could leave through a door that opened—a "*satisfying* state of affairs" for the cat, as Thorndike termed it. Over time, the cats learned to press the lever *deliberately*. Learning a behavior by observing the consequences is called *operant* conditioning. Thorndike called the tendency of behavior with desirable results to be repeated the *Law of Effect*.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the most famous experiment in conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov, a Russian *physiologist*, repeatedly exposed dogs to the sight of food and, at the same time, the sound of a *metronome*. At first, the dogs salivated because of the food; this reaction is known as *an unconditioned response*. But after a while, the dogs began to salivate when they heard the sound, even if no food was present. This learned reaction is known as *a conditioned response*. and the sound is called a *conditioned stimulus*.

After two weeks of self testing, a student recalls information for a cumulative final exam

Long term storage

Maria repeatedly uses flash cards to learn vocabulary definitions

Maintenance rehersal

Rote repetition

Maintenance rehersal

Gwen's children really like to watch a comedy TV show that comes on at 7:00 pm. The children are not fond of clearing the dinner table and washing the dishes. How can Gwen use the Premack principle to get her children to clear the table and wash the dishes?

Make watching the comedy TV show a reward for clearing the table and washing the dishes

Match each type of consequence with its resulting behavior change.

Negative punishment: Peter's recess is taken away to discourage him from getting into fights with the other children. Positive punishment: Janet stops parking in handicapped spaces after she gets a big parking ticket. Positive reinforcement: Sally increases the amount of work she completes to receive more pay. Negative reinforcement: Ted increases paying his bills on time to avoid a late fee.

Label the types of learning in this diagram.

Non-associative: learning about a stimulus, such as a sight or a sound, in the external world Habituation: when our behavioral response to a stimulus decreases Sensitization: when our behavioral response to a stimulus increases Associative: learning the relationship between two pieces of information Classical conditioning: when we learn that a stimulus predicts another stimulus Operant conditioning: when we learn that a behavior leads to a certain outcome

Match each type of learning with its corresponding example.

Observant learning: Mee-Ae learns how to do a headstand by watching her friend Anne. Classical conditioning: A dog runs to the kitchen when he hears the clock chime at five o'clock, because that's when he always gets fed. Habituation: Having gotten used to his humming refrigerator, Hamid no longer notices the sound. Operant conditioning: Every time a child says "please," she gets what she wants. Now she says "please" constantly. Sensitization: Kwame has never liked the sound of rain on his bedroom window. Lately it has started to make him cringe.

Watch the following Concept Video about Operant Conditioning. Then, identify the example of negative reinforcement.

Out for another day of winter maneuvers, soldiers remind each other that faster they march, the sooner they'll be out of the cold.

Repeating a phone number until you can write it down

Prefrontal cortex

You're struggling to finish reading a chapter for one of your classes. You tell yourself that if you can just finish the chapter, you will get a better score on the quiz the next day. You also tell yourself that when you finish the chapter, you're entitled to a snack from the fridge. Finally, you tell yourself that if you don't finish the chapter now, you won't be able to join your roommates for a night out later that evening. Match each reinforcer with its corresponding example.

Primary reinforcer: getting a snack Secondary reinforcer: scoring well on the quiz N/A: missing the outing N/A: finishing the chapter

Erin took four years of French in high school. On her first year college exam in Italian, she could only recall the French words

Proactive interference

Right after breaking up with her boyfriend, matt, emily could only think of the times they fought. But whenever emily talked about matt to her friends after the breakup, they consistently recalled his warmth and generosity. With each time she talked about matt, emily noticed her memory of him gradually became more positive. What concept explains this change in memory retrieval?

Re consolidation

Caroline recently changed her computer password and could not recall her old password

Retroactive interference

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the influence of evolution on conditioned and unconditioned responses.

Salivating at the sight of food is an example of *an unconditioned* response that is evolutionarily adaptive. However, evolution can also influence the acquisition of *a conditioned* response. It is adaptive for animals to learn to avoid eating things that *make them sick*. And monkeys can more easily be conditioned to fear *snaked* than to fear *flowers*, presumably because the monkeys have, for evolutionary reasons, a natural disposition to fear the former but not the latter.

Long term memory structures

Scheme

A person drives by a store and glances at the clothes for sale in the window

Sensory memory

While looking idly out the car window, a man sees an interesting bird and begins to pay attention

Short term memory

A rat learns to press a lever in order to trigger a release of food pellets. What is the "operant" in this experiment?

The lever-pressing behavior

Positive punishment can be ineffective for a number of reasons. Match each description about punishment with its appropriate example.

The punishment is not unpleasant: A child in day care is given a timeout for misbehavior. The child doesn't mind being alone. The punishment isn't applied immediately: A toddler that spills a drink on the floor is scolded an hour later, when the mess is discovered. The punishment may create negative emotions: A child is spanked by a parent after drawing on a wall with crayon. The punishment may discourage desirable behavior: A child that broke a vase has to do extra chores after admitting responsibility. The punishment is unreasonable: A schoolchild is reprimanded for having a messy desk after classmates create the mess as a prank.

Jeanne could remember where the restaurant was and the menu items but ont the name of the place

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

Chad could picture the movie actress and the first letter of her name, but he temporarily forgot her name

Tip of the younger phenomenon

Watch the Concept Video about Classical Conditioning. Then, match each stimulus or response with its corresponding scenario.

Unconditioned response: Dylan's startled reaction to the first blast from the air horn Unconditioned stimulus: the blast from Manuel's air horn as Dylan enters the dorm room Neutral stimulus: the sight of the dorm room door as Dylan approaches, before Manuel has started his pranks Conditioned response: Dylan's tensing up as he approaches his dorm room, after several pranks by Manuel Conditioned stimulus: the sight of the dorm room door as Dylan approaches, after several pranks by Manuel

A young child hears the sound of a buzzing bee as it flies by, but she barely notices it. The next day, the child hears the buzzing on a flower, but when she reaches for it, she gets stung and cries in pain. The next time the child hears the buzz of a bee, she screams and goes running away from it in fear. Match each stimulus and response with its corresponding example from this scenario.

Unconditioned response: cries in pain to being stung Conditioned stimulus: buzzing sound Unconditioned stimulus: bee sting Conditioned response: screams and runs away in fear

Taste aversions are learned through classical conditioning. Match each example to its corresponding stimulus or response.

Unconditioned stimulus: food poisoning Conditioned stimulus: taste of chicken salad Unconditioned response: vomiting Conditioned response: refusal to eat

Bill, a middle school student, goes to the cafeteria, opens his lunch, and immediately feels hungry upon seeing his food. After a week of eating in the cafeteria, Bill feels hungry as soon as he enters the cafeteria. After another week, Bill becomes hungry when the bell rings to signify that it's lunchtime, before he even gets to the cafeteria or sees his food. Identify the stimuli and response.

Unconditioned stimulus: lunch First-order conditioned stimulus: cafeteria Conditioned response: feels hungry Second-order conditioned stimulus: bell

Joseph looks up a word in a dictionary to learn how to spell the word

Visual memory

A person repeats a phone number until he enters it into his contact list

Working memory

Forming and recalling a memory

1. Auditory cortical areas 2. Visual cortical areas

Jose wants to do well on his final exam. What can he do to increase working and long term memory?

1. Group concepts into meaningful units 2. Self test

Forming a memory

1. Hippocampus 2. Temporal lobes

Which of the following are characteristics of long-term storage?

1. It has almost limitless capacity 2. It is relatively permanent

Which of the following strategies enhance long term memory by using retrieval cues?

1. Joe drinks coffee while he studies, so he buys a cup of coffee on his way to his exam 2. Jason practices his speech in the classroom where he will deliver it 3. Ellen visualizes the empty spots in her kitchen cupboards to recall her grocery list

A schema is a way of structuring information in ________ storage that facilitates recall. It is also a tool for processing ______________. When information _______ an existing schema, it is more easily recalled later than information that ___________ existing schemes

1. Long term 2. New information 3. Matches 4. Clashes with

Laptop computers do not really enhance classroom learning. For one thing, ___________ can be a distraction, not just for the computer using student but also for ____________. For another thing, test scores for students who take notes __________ tend to be _____ than the scores of students who take notes ______

1. Online media 2. Others nearby 3. By computer 4. Lower 5. By hand

Prospective memory is a record of actions one ______________. This kind of memory comes with a ____, in the form of greater difficulty focusing on new information ____________. Test subjects had a harder time ___________ words on a list when they were asked to remember to press a key in response to certain words

1. Plans to perform 2. Cost 3. In the present 4. Remembering

Which of the following are examples of explicit memory?

1. Recalling a conversation a person had with a friend 2. Recalling the directions to drive to a new friend's house 3. Recalling the rules for playing a card game

Jason made index cards on a textbook chapter and always studied them in the same order. During the exam, he was able to recall the information on his first and last index cards, but not the ones in the middle What explains the fact that jason was not able to recall the information from the middle of the chapter?

1. Regency effect 2. Primacy effect

Which memory tasks would H.M. (Henry Molaison) and others with his type of memory deficit have trouble completing?

1. Repeating a conversation he'd had after his surgery 2. Remembering a new bus route 3. Recalling he had met someone recently

Watch the following Classical Conditioning Video. Then, match the stimuli and responses with their corresponding examples.

Conditioned stimulus: the word "can" Conditioned response: flinch to the word "can" Unconditioned stimulus: water spray Unconditioned response: flinch to water spray Neutral stimuli: words in list read by teacher, including the word "can"

Tara always did her homework in her classroom and performed well on a subsequent essay exam

Context dependent

According to Albert Bandura and others, which of the following will promote violent behavior, based on the principle of observational learning?

Correct: - A child watches the coolest kid in school bully a classmate. - A child watches a violent cartoon in which a cat squishes a mouse with a frying pan. - A child watches a mixed martial arts fight on TV. Incorrect: - A child plays a maze-based video game featuring explosions and falling boulders. - A child sees a friend getting scolded for hitting a classmate. - A child wins a fight with a bully and gets praise from friends.

The children at a day care center are not allowed to hit or hurt each other in any way. Three-year-old Pete hits children who have toys he wants. What are the two best ways to teach Pete more appropriate behavior?

Correct: - Take away from Pete any toy he gets by hitting. - Praise Pete for asking to play with a toy (and not hitting), and then give him the toy. Incorrect: - Explain to Pete that if he hits other children, they may want to hit back. - Distract Pete with some other activity whenever he is about to hit another child.

In which of the following cases will an adolescent be influenced to model smoking behavior?

Correct: - The cool kids at school smoke. - A favorite famous musician smokes. - A respected parent smokes. Incorrect: - The cool kids at school do not smoke. - A favorite famous musician does not smoke, and speaks out against smoking.

Connecting new information to long term memories

Elaborating rehersal

Nina relates the new knitting pattern to something she had learned previously

Elaborating rehersal

When Karen's new, "smart" doorbell first rang, she went to the door and was pleasantly surprised by a friend and a hug. From then on, whenever she would hear the doorbell, her heart would quicken and she would run to open the door. Now, however, the doorbell is broken, and it randomly rings when no one is there. After multiple false rings, Karen began responding less eagerly, and lately she has taken to ignoring the rings unless she is already near the front door. What is the name for this change in Karen's response?

Extinction

Match each reinforcement scenario with the type of reinforcement schedule being used.

Fixed interval: Tom has a substitute-teaching job on Mondays and Fridays. Variable interval: Susan never knows what day of the week she will be called to substitute teach and get paid. Variable ratio: Cal plays the slot machines in a casino. He never knows which pull of the lever will yield a payout. Fixed ratio: For every 25 newspapers delivered, Jacob gets paid $5.

Jimmy retold a detailed story of how the tornado passed right by his house

Flashbulb memory

After the passing of her father, jane tended only to recall the positive experiences that she had shared with him

Memory bias

Keaton increased his recall when learning the structures of the brain by visualizing them as different rooms of a house

Method of loci

Owen wrote a poem, but later discovered it was actually parts of two famous poems

Misattribution

Bill made up a silly sentence, where each word started with the same letter as a word he was trying to remember, to remind him of the order of operations in mathematics

Mnemonics

Melissa was calm when studying, but anxious when taking the exam; she could not recall some of the information

State dependent

Mary grew up hearing stories of the great blizzard. She remembered walking home in this blizzard until she discovered that the blizzard occurred before she was born

Suggestibility

Remembering the plot of a book you read

Temporal lobe

Label the types of learning in this diagram. #2

Watching others: learning by watching how others behave Observational learning: when we learn of change a behavior after watching a person engage in that behavior Modeling: displaying a behavior that imitates a previously observed behavior Vicarious conditioning: learning to engage in a behavior or not, after seeing others being rewarded or punished for performing that action