Chapter 6 Respiration and Fermentation

what cellular process generates ATP and uses an inorganic molecule other than oxygen as the final electron acceptor of an electron transport chain?

anaerobic respiration

chloroplast and mitochondria, the sites of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, are thought to have arisen by

endosymbiosis of bacterial cells

if there are sufficient levels of ATP, organisms may store potential energy by diverting acetyl CoA away from the Kreb cycle and storing it as ___ molecules

fat

cellular respiration harvests energy from ___ and uses the energy to power the synthesis of ___ from ADP and a phosphate group

food molecules; ATP

after nitrogen is removed from the amino acids in protein-containing foods, the remainder of the amino acids can enter aerobic respiration pathways as what molecules?

pyruvate, an intermediate in the Krebs cycle, acetyl CoA

the rearrangement and oxidation of intermediates in the Krebs cycle transfers electrons to what molecules?

NADH and FADH2

what organism conducts alcoholic fermentation

yeast

select all of the products of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle that carry electrons to the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration

NADH, FADH2

rank the types of metabolic pathways from smallest ATP production to largest production of ATP

1. Fermentation (with glycolysis) 2. Anaerobic respiration 3. Aerobic respiration

rank the 3 groups of reactions of aerobic respiration in the order they occur, beginning with the first stage of cellular respiration at the top

1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs cycle 3. Electron transport chain

rank the following pathways in order that they liked evolved, from the first one to evolve at the top to the last one to evolve at the bottom

1. Glycolysis 2. Photosynthesis using hydrogen sulphide as electron donor 3. photosynthesis using water as electron donor 4. aerobic respiration

aerobic respiration with what number of ATP generated during the passage of one molecule of glucose: Krebs Cycle

2 ATP

aerobic respiration with what number of ATP generated during the passage of one molecule of glucose: electron transport

34 ATP

aerobic respiration with what number of ATP generated during the passage of one molecule of glucose: theoretical total

36 ATP

what enzyme uses the energy of a proton gradient to add a phosphate to ADP?

ATP synthase

Glycolysis generates 4 ___ molecules per glucose, but requires an input of ___ ATP molecule(s), producing a net of 2 ATP molecules per glucose

ATP; 2

select all of the following that are outputs of pyruvate oxidation during the "transition step" of cellular respiration

CO2, NADH, acetyl CoA

the electron transport chain harnesses the potential energy of the molecules ___, which donate electrons to proteins in the electron transport chain

NADH and FADH2

select all of the following that have been produced from the original glucose molecule after glycolysis, oxidation of pyruvate, and the Krebs cycle occur, but before molecules enter the electron transport chain

FADH2, ATP, CO2, NADH

in aerobic respiration, what group of reactions releases CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2?

Krebs cycle

intermediates from what pathway can be used in the manufacture of amino acids and fats

Krebs cycle

in lactic acid fermentation, NADH reduces pyruvate, and the products are ___ and lactic acid

NAD+

select all of the following that are true about alcoholic fermentation

NAD+ is produced, pyruvate is converted to ethanol and CO2

during fermentation, ___ reduces pyruvate and is oxidised to NAD+, which can then be used in glycolysis

NADH

match the term with the correct description concerning food and energy: Photosynthesis

Uses light energy to produce food in the form of glucose

what cellular process uses glucose and oxygen to produce ATP

aerobic respiration

select the two energy pathways that generate ATP from glucose without requiring oxygen

anaerobic respiration, fermentation (with glycolysis)

plants conduct photosynthesis. which of the following conduct cellular respiration

animals and plants

Select molecules that have stored potential energy and that can be used in aerobic respiration to generate ATP

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

select all of the following that can be final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration

carbon dioxide, sulfate, nitrate

match the aerobic respiration step with the correct location where it occurs in the cell in prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and eukaryotes: electron transport in prokaryotes

cell membrane

the first product of the krebs cycle i the 6-carbon molecule citrate; hence, the Krebs cycle is also known as the ___ acid cycle

citric

match the term with the correct description concerning food and energy: Cellular respiration

converts the energy in food to an energy-carrying molecule

match the aerobic respiration step with the correct location where it occurs in the cell in prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and eukaryotes: Krebs cycle in prokaryotes

cytosol

the organic product of photosynthesis, ___, is the reactant of cellular respiration

glucose

select all of the following that are required for glycolysis to occur

glucose, ATP

during what step of cellular respiration in glucose split into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecule

glycolysis

why do scientists think glycolysis was probably the first energy pathway to evolve

glycolysis is conducted by nearly all organisms

in the electron transport chain, electrons are shuttled through a series of membrane proteins, which creates a gradient of ___ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane

hydrogen

glycolysis can occur

in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions

match the aerobic respiration step with the correct location where it occurs in the cell in prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and eukaryotes: electron transport in eukaryotes

inner mitochondrial membrane

within mitochondria, the electron transport chain and ATP synthase proteins are located in the

inner mitochondrial membrane

the area between the outer and inner membranes of a mitochondrion is called the ___ compartment

intermembrane

the fluid enclosed within the inner membrane of a mitochondrion is called the ___

matrix

within mitochondria, the Krebs cycle takes place in the

matrix

select all of the types of organisms that can rely on fermentation as the sole pathway for producing ATP

microorganisms in sugar-rich environments, single-celled organisms

in the cells of protists, plants, fungi, and animals, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain take place in organelles called ___

mitochondria

select all of the organelles that contain electron transport chains within their inner membranes or inner compartments and that are likely to have arisen from endosymbiosis of bacteria with electron transport chains on their cell membranes

mitochondria, chloroplasts

match the aerobic respiration step with the correct location where it occurs in the cell in prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and eukaryotes: Krebs cycle in eukaryotes

mitochondrial matrix

pyruvate is the product of glycolysis, and after it moves into the ___, it is oxidised to form ___ that enters the Krebs cycle

mitochondrial matrix; acetyl CoA

muscle soreness in humans is not likely due to pH drop from fermentation because

muscle cells produce lactate, not lactic acid

when carbohydrate supplies are depleted in cells, amino acids from protein can enter aerobic respiration after ___ is removed from the amino acid and excreted

nitrogen

when carbohydrate supplies are depleted in cells, amino acids from proteins can enter aerobic respiration after ___ is removed from the amino acid and excreted

nitrogen

in aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor, ___, combines with hydrogen ions to form water

oxygen

select reactions that occur during the first stage of glycolysis, called the energy investment stage, which consists of the first five reactions

phosphate is transferred to glucose, a 6-carbon intermediate is split into two 3-carbon molecules

aerobic respiration with what number of ATP generated during the passage of one molecule of glucose: glycolysis

produces 4 ATP but requires 2 ATP; so net 2 ATP are produced

select all of the following that are encoded by mitochondrial DNA

proteins of the electron transport chain, ATP synthase

select all of the following that cause the difference between the theoretical and actual yields of ATP in aerobic respiration

protons leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane without using ATP synthase, ATP is pent transporting pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondria matrix

enzymes separate the glycerol and fatty acids of fats in food molecules; then the glycerol is converted to ___, which is able to enter aerobic respiration

pyruvate

select organisms that are able to generate ATP by conducting anaerobic respiration, which includes an electron transport chain with an inorganic molecule other than oxygen as the final electron acceptor

some archaeans, some bacteria

how is ATP formed during the Krebs cycle

substrate-level phosphorylation

what method is used to generate ATP in glycolysis

substrate-level phosphorylation

match the term with the correct description concerning food and energy: ATP

supplies power to almost all cellular activities requiring energy

when the electron carrier molecules NADH and FADH2, enter ___, electrons are removed and the energy pumps protons into the inter membrane compartment of the mitochondrion

the electron transport chain

t/f: the potential energy stored in glucose cannot be removed all at once or it will cause destruction of the cell

true

select reactions that occur during the second stage of glycolysis, called the energy harvest stage and consisting of reactions 6 through 10

two molecules of pyruvate are produced, NAD+ is reduced to NADH, ATP is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation

how do organisms make ATP?

using potential energy stored in molecules