Chapter 6 Review - Bone Development and Growth
Joints=
Articulation
Compact bone- Central canal or Haversian canal
Through the core of each osteon runs an endosteum-lined canal called the central canal or haversian canal
Are bones living or non-living? Are bones considered organs?
Yes
Epiphysis- epiphyseal plate
a disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone -under 16-18 years old
2. Perichondrium
a layer of dense irregular CT that surrounds the cartilage - acts as a girdle to resist outward expansion when the cartilage is subjected to pressure (to make you look skinnier, holds in place)
Yellow marrow is many composed of?
adipose tissue
Long bones: Perforating fibers
also called Sharpey's fibers, which are thick bundles of collagen that run from the periosteum to the bone matrix.
Compact bone- Osteon or Haversian system
an important structural component of compact bone -it is a long cylindrical structure oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone and to the main compression stresses. (the rings on trees) (every ring has a different name)
Microscopic- Compact bone
appears solid with the naked eye however microscopic examinations reveal that it is riddled with passage ways for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves
Hyaline cartilage- where?
ariticular cartilage, costal cartilage, nose, trachea and laynx -around bones, ends of bones
Process of bone development
becomes ossified, medullary cavity forms artery comes in to supply w/ blood epiphysis starts to form
Compact bone- Lamella
each ring is a lamella, which is a layer of bone matrix in which the collagen fibers and mineral crystals align and run in a single direction - each fiber and crystal of adjacent lamellae always run in opposite directions for withstanding tension
Spongy bone- trabecula
each trabecula of spongy bone contains several layers of lamellae and osteocytes byt is too small to contain osteons or vessels of its own - the osteocytes receive their nutrients from the capillaries in the endosteum surrounding the trabecula
Elastic cartilage- where?
epiglottis (between trachea and espohagus) , outer ear
2. spongy (trabecular bone)
internal network of bone- composed of small bars of bone and lots of open space filled with bone marrow -looks like pores (poreous)
2. Elastic cartilage
is similar to hyaline cartilage but its matrix contains many elastic fivers along with the delicate collagen fibrils -elastic fibers- able to bend
Epiphysis- epithyseal line
once the long bone has stopped growing, these areas are replaced with bone and appear as thin, barely discernible remnants- epiphyseal lines
What are bone generators
osteoblasts
What are bone breakers
osteoclasts
Compact bone-osteocytes- lacuna
osteocytes occupy small cavities in the solid matrix called lacunae "little lakes"
Compact bone- ostecytes- canaliculi
osteocytes's spider legs occupy thin tubes called canaliculi "little canals" - the canaliculi run through the matrix connecting neighboring lacunae to one another and the nearest capillaries
The endosteum is ____ containing both osteoclasts and osteoblasts
osteogenic
at these points the ___ ___ are dense
perforating fibers are dense
The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by ___
perforating fibers or sharpeys fibers (like glue) keeping periosteum on bone
Blood vessels and nerves travel through the ___ and invade the bone
periosteum
Long bones- membranes
periosteum- a connective tissue membrane that covers the diaphysis -dense irrgular ct where tendons attach to muscles
Cartilage-location
pieces of cartilage are found throughout the adult human body
2. protection
provide the protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs
3. movement
provides levers for muscles
Hyaline cartilage- function
provides support through FLEXIBILITY and RESILIENCE
Within long bones ___ ___ is located in the spongy material
red marrow
At birth all bone marrow is __ with age more is converted to _
red, yellow
4. mineral storage
reservoir for materials, especially calcium and phosphate
The endosteum covers the, and lines the
spongy bone and lines the central canals of osteons
3. flat bones
such as the bones of the skull are generally thin with two waferlike layers of compact bone sanwiching a layer of spongy bone -sternum
1. long bones
such as the femur and phalanges-- longer than they are wide, generally consisting of a shaft with heads at either end
2. short bones
such as the tarsals and carpals--cube shaped and contain more spongy than compact bone small bones wrist and ankles
4. irregular bones
such as the vertebrae-- bones that do not fall into one of the above categories -somewhere in the middle
What happens to yellow marrow in cases of severe blood loss?
the body can convert yellow marrow back to red marrow in order to increase blood cell production
Haversian canal/ central canal connect to other central canals by the
volkmann's canal
Cartilage- Cartilage Consists of
water 60-80% and is very resilient
Compact bone- Osteon or Haversian system- function
weight bearing pillars
Bone development- Intramembranous ossification
when bone develops from mesenchymal membrane without 1st being cartilage - forms membrane bone- most of the flat bones of the skull and the clavicles
Bone development- Endochondral ossification
when bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage - forms endochondrial bone- grow through adolesence via epiphyseal plate
1. Cartilage CT
which contains no nerves of blood vessels
Compact bone- osteocytes- canaliculi- gap junctions
within the canaliculi the extensions of neighboring osteocytes touch each other and form gap junctions (allows to communicate) -via direct cell transfer nutrients diffuse from one osteocyte to the next throughout the entire osteon
6. energy storage
yellow marrow
Some white blood cells arise from ___ ___
yellow marrow
Bones- how many bones make up the human skeleton?
206
About __% of the body's blood is in the skeleton
3-11 %
1. organic components
35% of bone tissue mass includes: - cells - fibers - ground substance - has to have carbon
2. inorganic components
65% bone tissue mass consists: - hydroxypatites (primarily calcium phosphate) - provide bone with exceptional harness (resist compression) - no carbon
What resembles the rings of a tree trunk in cross section?
Osteon- which are groups of concentric tubes
What arises in red marrow?
RBS platelets most white blood cells
Bones- Bones classified by gross anatomy in 4 groups
1. long bones 2. short bones 3. flat bones 4. irregular bones
Long bone- the 2 main vessels serving the diaphysis are the
1. nutrient artery 2. nutrient vein
Bone tissue has both types of components
1. organic components 2. inorganic components
Short, Irregular, and Flat bones have much the same composition as long bones:
1. periosteum- covered in compact bone externally 2. endosteum- covered spongy bone internally -however they lack a diaphysis and a marrow cavity (marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone)
Bones- Function
1. support 2. protection 3. movement 4. mineral storage 5. blood cell formation 6. energy storage
Long bones- 2 main structures
1. diaphysis 2. epiphyses
1. diaphysis
"shaft" of a bone..composed of compact bone -middle of the bone
1. nutrient artery
(into the bone) 1. runs inward to supply the bone marrow and the spongy bone 2. branches outward to help supply the compact bone (red artery in picture)
Where does the osteocytes receive nutrients?
- the osteocytes receive their nutrients from the capillaries in the endosteum surrounding the trabecula - spongy bone more open can get nutrients from capillaries
Cartilage- A piece of cartilage grows in 2 ways
1. Appositional growth (growth from the outside) 2. Interstitial growth (growth from within)
Cartilage- typical structure comprised of
1. Cartilage CT 2. perichondrium
Cartilage- Types of Cartilage
1. Hyaline cartilage 2. Elastic cartilage 3. Fibrocartilage
Long bones- 2 sublayers of periosteum
1. a superficial layer of DENSE IRREGULAR C.T. which resist tension placed on the bone during bleeding 2. a deep OSTEOGENIC (bone producing) layer that touches the compact bone and contains two cell types 1. osteoblasts- bone depositing cells 2. osteoclasts- remodel bone surfaces throughout our lives
Bones- the skeleton is subdivided into two divisions
1. axial skeleton- those bones that lie around the body's center of gravity - center of the body 2. appendicular skeleton- the bones of the limbs or appendages -limbs- arms legs
Compact bone- Central canal contains
1. blood vessels- supply nutrients to the bone cells of the osteon 2. nerve fibers perforating canals (volkmann's canals)" lie 90 degrees to the central canals and connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the central canals and marrow cavity
Bones- Adult skeleton compsoed of 2 basic types of osseous tissue
1. compact bone 2. spongy (trabecular) bone
Cartilage connective tissue consists of cells called
chondrocytes and an abundant of extracellular matrix
3. Fibrocartilage
contains rows of thick collagen fibers alternating with rows of chondocytes, each of which is surrounded by a layer of cartilage matrix
Long bones- Endosteum
covering the internal bone surfaces is a thin connective tissue membrane called endosteum
Articular cartilage
covers the epiphyseal surface in the place of the periosteum. composed of hyaline cartilage, provides a smooth surface to prevent friction at joint surface. - makes joints, creates movement, reduce friction to glide smoothly
1. compact bone
dense outer layer of bone- looks smooth and homogenous - smooth part
What do short, irregular and flat bones lack?
diaphysis
The periosteum also provides ___ points for the tendons and ligaments that attach to a bone
insertion
Why does a bone break cause profuse bleeding?
filled with blood where blood originates
1. support
from the frame work that supports the body and cradles soft organs
1. Appositional growth
growth from the outside. chondroblasts in the perichondrium produce the new cartilage by actively secreting matrix. - outside pushing in
2. Interstitial growth
growth from within. lacunae bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix expanding cartilage from within - inside pushing outside -they are going to divide- Mitosis -matrix synthesis
5. blood cell formation
hematopoiesis occurs within the red marrow
Articular cartilage is composed of
hyaline cartilage
Typically you find cartilage?
in joints, ears, knees, spine (to resist tension)
When does cartilage stop growing?
in the late teens when the skeleton stops growing chondrocytes stop dividing
When does bone tissue first appear?
in week 8 and eventually replaces most cartilage and mesenchymal membranes in the skeleton - the unborn baby is now called a fetus
1. Hyaline cartilage
is the most abundant type of cartilage - each chondrocyte occupies a cavity called lacuna. -the only type of fiber in the matrix is collagen, which forms networks that are too thin to be seen with a light microscope -glossy portion is the extracellular matrix
Cartilage forms the ___
joints
Bones- the skeleton is made up of bones that are connect at __ or ___
joints or articulations
2. nutrient veins
leaves the bone
Fibrocartilage- where?
ligaments, intervertebral discs, and menisci (knee) *in between vertebrae * big collagen fibers make it unique
Long bones- Where is the marrow contained in the medullary cavity?
marrow is also contained in the spaces between the trabeculae of the spongy bone -branching bones within spongy bone are trabeculae, this is where you find bone marrow
Compact bone- osteocytes
mature spider shaped bone cells that are essential for maintaining bone matrix (bone tissue)
Cartilage in adults
most of the cartilage is replaced by more ridgid bone (ossified cartilage) - your skeleton is hyaline when embryo, and as you get older it gets ossified
The periosteum is richly supplied with
nerves and blood vessels
Why does it hurt when you break a bone?
nerves. bones are innervated
Why do you think this is done by canals?
the bone is too dense. cells cannot simply diffuse across they have to have canals to communicate
Elastic cartilage- function
the cartilage is a very elastic and able to tolerate repeated bending
2. epiphysis
the end of the long bone. it is composed of a thin layer of compact bone that encloses spongy bone. -the joint surface of each epiphysis is covered with a thin layer of articular cartilage (hyaline) -all along will have hyaline cartilage - ends of the long bones -outside of the bones will be very compact inside will be very spongy
Long bones- medullary cavities
the hollow central cavity of the shaft that is a storage region for adipose tissue, or yellow marrow
What was the Efiel tower's inspiration for its design?
the human skeleton. or human bone hard dense on the outside, spongy on the inside which gives it strength
Diploe
the internal spongy bone of flat bones
What is the nutrient foramen?
the opening into the canal which gives passage to the blood vessels of the medullary cavity of the bone
Bone development- osteogenesis (ossification)
the process of bone tissue formation leads to: 1. the formation of the bony skeleton in embryos 2. bone growth until early adulthood 3. bone thickness, remodeling and repair in adults
Cartilage in embryos
the skeleton is predominately composed of hyaline cartilage
Bone development- before week 8 of embryogenesis
the skeleton of the human embryo consists only of hyaline cartilage and some membranes of mesenchyme
Why are bones different than other tissues
they are ossified (hard)
Bones- Why are bones considered organs?
they contain several different tissues 1. osseous tissue 2. nervous tissue 3. cartilage 4. epithelial tissue 5. fibrous CT lining cavities
Fibrocartilage- function
this cartilage resits both strong compression and strong tension forces
Unlike cartilage bone tissue is well ___
vascularized
