Chapter 6 Review

15. A) what nutritional factors are essential for normal bone maintenance and growth? B) what hormonal factors are essential for normal bone growth and maintenance?

A) calcium salts and phosphate salts and vitamin A, C, and D B) calcitriol, growth hormone thyroxine, estrogens in females or androgens in males, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone (PTH)

1. Blood cell formation occurs in the bones of the skeleton in areas of a) yellow bone marrow b) red bone marrow c) the matrix of bone tissue d) the ground substance

B

22. Dislocations involving synovial joints are usually prevented by all of the following, except a) structures such as ligaments that stabilize and support the joint b) he prescience of bursae c) the presence of other bones that prevent certain movements d) the position of muscles and fat pass that limit the degree of movement e) the shape of the articulating surface

B

25. The process of bone growth at the epiphyseal cartilage is similar to a) intramembranous ossification b) endochondral ossification c) the process of osteopenia d) the process of healing a fracture e) the process of calcification

B

5. The vitamins essential for normal adult bone maintenance and repair are a) A and E b) C and D c) B and E d) B complex and K

B

6. The hormones that coordinate the storage, absorption, and excretion of calcium ions are a) growth hormone and thyroxine b) calcitonin and parathyroid hormone c) calcitriol and cholecalciferol d) estrogens and androgens

B

13. What is the primary difference between endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification?

In intramembranous ossification, bone develops from Mesenchyme or fibrous connective tissue. In endochondral ossification, bone develops from a cartilage model.

20. Why do extended period of inactivity cause degenerative changes in the skeleton?

Inactivity in unstressed bones leads to he removal of calcium salts. Up to one third of the bone mass can be lost in this manner, causing the bones to become thin and brittle

30. In physical anthropology, cultural conclusions can be drawn from a thorough examination of the skeletons of ancient people. What sort of clues might bones provide as to the lifestyles of those individuals?

The matrix of the bone will absorb the traces of minerals from the diet. These minerals can be identified hundreds of years later. A diet rich in calcium and vitamin B will produce denser bones than will a diet lacking these. Cultural practices such as binding of appendages, or wrapping of infant heads will manifest in misshapen bones. Heavy muscular activity will result in larger bone markings, indicating an athletic lifestyle.

26. How might bone markings be useful in identifying the remains of a criminal who had been shot and killed?

Bone markings give clues as to the size, age, sex, and general appearance of an individual

4. The basic functional unit of compact bone is the Haversian system or a) osteocytes b) osteoclast c) osteon d) osseous matrix e) osseous lamellae

C

10. What are the five primary functions of the skeletal system?

Support, storage of minerals and lipids, blood cell production, protection, and leverage

16. Which three organs or tissues interact to assist in the regulation of calcium ion concentration in body fluids?

The bones, the intestinal tract, and kidneys

21. What are the functional relationships between the skeleton, on the one hand, and the digestive and urinary system, on the other?

The digestive and urinary systems (kidneys) play important roles in the calcium and phosphate minerals needed for bone growth. In return, the skeleton provides protection and acts as a reserve for calcium, phosphate, and other minerals that can compensate for changes in the dietary supplies of these ions.

27. While playing on her swing set, 10 year old Sally falls and breaks her right leg. At the emergency room, the doctor tells her parents that the proximal end of the tibia where the epiphysis meets the diaphysis is fractured. The fracture is properly set and eventually heals. During a routine physical when she is 18, Sally learns that her right leg is 2cm shorter than her left, probably because of her accident. What might account for this difference?

The fracture might have damaged he epiphyseal cartilage in Sally's right leg. Even though the bone healed properly, the damaged leg did not produce as much cartilage as did the undamaged leg. The result would be a shorter bone of he side of the injury

28. Which of these conditions would you possibly observe in a child who is suffering from rickets? a) abnormally short limbs b) abnormally long limbs c) oversized facial bones d) bowed legs e) weak, brittle bones

D

12. What are the primary parts of a typical long bone?

Diaphysis (shaft), epiphysis, epiphyseal cartilages/line, articular cartilage, medullary canal, periosteum, and endosteum

2. Two-thirds of the weight of bone is accounted for by a) crystals of the calcium phosphate b) collagen fibers c) osteocytes d) calcium carbonate

A

29. Frank does not begin puberty until he is 16. What effects will you predict this will have on his stature? a) frank will probably be taller than if he had started puberty earlier b) frank will probably be shorter than if he started puberty earlier c) frank will probably be a dwarf d) frank will have bones that are heavier than normal e) the late onset of puberty will have no effect on Frank's stature

A

3. The membrane found wrapping the bone, except at the joint cavity, is the a) periosteum b)endosteum c) perforating fibers d) a,b, and c are correct

A

7. The presence of an epiphyseal line indicates a) epiphyseal growth had ended b) epiphyseal growth is just beginning c) bone growth diameter is just beginning d) the bone is fractured at the location e) the prescience of an epiphyseal line indicates no particular event

A

8. The primary reason osteoporosis accelerates after menopause in women is a) reduced levels of circulating estrogens b) reduced levels of vitamin C c) diminished osteoclast activity d) increased osteoclast activity

A

9. The non-pathological loss of bone that occurs with aging is called a) osteopenia b) osteoporosis c) osteomyelitis d) osteoitis e) osteomalacia

A

18. If spongy bone has no osteons, how do nutrients reach the osteocytes?

Nutrients reached osteocytes by diffusion along canaliculi that open onto he surface of the trabeculae

14. List the organic and inorganic components of bone matrix.

Organic=collagen, inorganic=hydroxyapatite crystals

11. List the four distinctive cell populations so osseous tissue.

Osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteoprogenitor cells

17. What major effects of parathyroid hormone oppose those of calcitonin?

Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclast activity, increases the rate of intestinal absorption, and decreases the rate of excretion of calcium ions

19. Why are stresses or impacts to the side of the shaft in a long bone more dangerous than stress applied to the long axis of the shaft?

The osteons are parallel to the long axis of the shaft, which does not bend when forces are applied to either end. Stresses or impacts to the side of the shaft can lead to a fracture.

23. Why would a physician concerned about the growing patterns of a young child request an x-Ray of the hand?

There are many long bones in the hand, each of which has an epiphyseal cartilage. Measuring the width of these plates will provide clues to hormonal control of growth in the child

24. Why does a second fracture in the same bone tend to occur at a site different from that of the first fracture?

When a bone fracture is repaired, the bone tends to be stronger snd thicker than normal at the fracture site