Chapter 6 Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood

Baumrind argued that parents should NOT ______.

-leave children to make their own rules -be punitive or aloof

The four parenting styles involve the dimensions of ______ and responsiveness on the one hand, and ______ and control on the other.

acceptance; demand

According to Freud and Erikson, play helps the child master ______.

anxieties and conflicts

According to Baumrind, children whose parents are ______ are often cheerful, self-controlled, self-reliant, socially responsible, and achievement oriented.

authoritative

The ___ parenting style encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturing toward the child.

authoritative

Play therapy allows children to work off frustrations and analyze their conflicts and coping mechanisms in a non-threatening environment. This most closely resembles _______ views of play.

Freud and Erikson's

40% of children born to married parents in the U.S. will experience their parents' ___.

divorce

Several longitudinal studies have shown that physical punishment is associated with

higher levels of aggression later in childhood and adolescence.

According to Erikson, the psychosocial stage of development that occurs during early childhood (between ages 3 and 5) is called ___ versus ___.

initiative vs guilt

Recent research indicates that the ______ of parents' work has more influence on the children's development rather than the fact that one parent works outside the home.

nature

The four main types of child maltreatment include physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and child ___

neglect

The four main types of child maltreatment include physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and child ___.

neglect

According to Baumrind, the ___ style of parenting is characterized by a lack of involvement in the child's life.

neglectful

True or false: One of the most important functions of peer relations during childhood is to provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family.

true

______ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

gender typing

Baumrind's four styles of parenting balance which of the following dimensions?

-Acceptance -Control -Responsiveness -Demand

Children raised by authoritative parents are likely to display which of the following characteristics? (Select all that apply.)

-Cheerfulness and self-control -Friendliness with peers -Good stress-coping skills -Cooperativeness with adults -Self-reliance and achievement orientation

What are the common parental reactions to siblings having a verbal or physical confrontation?

-Intervening and helping resolve -Doing nothing -Admonishing or threatening

What are the three proposed social theories of gender?

-Social role theory -Social cognitive theory -Psychoanalytic theory

Which of the following are important functions of peer relationships?

-To provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family -To provide children with a source of comparison and feedback about their abilities

Which of the following are likely characteristics for children of authoritarian parents?

-Unhappiness and fear -Weak communication skills -Anxiety about comparing themselves with others -Failure to initiate activity

By what age do most children acquire a sense of being male or female?

3 years

In 1971, Diana Baumrind presented ______ of parenting based on various levels of warmth and involvement.

4 types

What percentage of children born to married parents in the U.S. will experience their parents' divorce?

40%

According to Baumrind, which type of parents place firm limits and controls on their child, allows little verbal exchange, and might show rage toward their child?

Authoritarian

According to Baumrind, what type of parents expect mature, independent, and age-appropriate behavior from their child, and show pleasure and support when their child exhibits constructive behavior?

Authoritative

What type of punishment has been linked to emotional problems, negative behavioral adjustment, adolescent depression, externalized problems, and juvenile delinquency?

Corporal punishment

What is the most frequent parental reaction to sibling conflict between the ages of 2 and 5?

Do nothing at all

What term is defined as "the sense of being male or female"?

Gender identity

Which of the following provides males and females with a framework of how they should think, act, and feel?

Gender roles

According to Baumrind, what type of parents are highly involved in their child's life but place few demands or controls on the child?

Indulgent

Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages is most associated with early childhood?

Initiative versus guilt

Yvonne and Gregory spend most of their leisure time with one another, leaving their child at home. They are more concerned with their own needs than those of their child. According to Baumrind, what parenting style do Yvonne and Gregory utilize?

Neglectful

What type of emotions include embarrassment, guilt, pride, and shame?

Self-conscious

All of the following factors help children adjust better to divorce, EXCEPT

a difficult temperament.

Baumrind describes children raised by ______ parents as often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves to others.

authoritarian

The ___ parenting style is a restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort.

authoritarian

Many of the problems experienced by children of divorced parents begin ______ the divorce.

before

Research indicates that many recent immigrants to the U.S. adopt a(n) ______ orientation, selecting characteristics of American culture that help them survive and advance, while still retaining aspects of their culture of origin.

bicultural

When immigrants select elements of US culture to help survive and advance, they may be said to be developing a ___ orientation.

bicultural

True or false: Children of working mothers engage in more gender stereotyping and hold less egalitarian views than children of mothers who stay at home.

false

Which of the following is not a self-conscious emotion?

fear

___ ___ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

gender typing

According to Baumrind, the ___ parenting style places few demands or controls on the child and is characterized by overly involved parents.

indulgent

What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?

moral

___ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do when interacting with others.

moral

A gender ___ is a set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel.

role

What type of impact does television have on children's development?

significant impact

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major social theories regarding gender differences?

social biological theory

___ is the most influential traditional type of mass media on young children.

television