Chapter 6 Test Bank: Bones and Skeletal Tissue

True

T or F: The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones.

True

T or F: The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress.

Epiphyseal line

The appearance of this structure signals the end of bone growth

Diaphysis

The area of long bones where cartilage cells are replaced by bone cells

blood vessels and nerve fibers

The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of ________. A) cartilage and interstitial lamellae B) osteoclasts and osteoblasts C) yellow marrow and spicules D) blood vessels and nerve fibers

osteoblast

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________. A) osteocyte B) osteoblast C) osteoclast D) chondrocyte

Chondrocytes

The cells responsible for the early stages of endochondral ossification

Appositional growth

The growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface

irregular

Vertebrae are considered ________ bones. A) long B) flat C) short D) irregular

The diaphysis bone is composed almost entirely of compact bone (except in irregular and short bones) while the epiphyses are composed almost entirely of spongy bone. The epiphyses are on the ends of the bone while the diaphysis is the "shank" of the bone. The diaphysis in long bones has a large medullary cavity while the epiphyses do not.

What are the differences between the diaphysis and the epiphyses of long bones?

Blood vessels and nerve fibers.

What is found in a Haversian canal?

hyaline cartilage

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo? A) elastic connective tissue B) dense fibrous connective tissue C) fibrocartilage D) hyaline cartilage

greenstick

Which fracture would be least likely in a 92-year-old? A) compression B) greenstick C) comminuted D) spiral

parathyroid hormone

Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream? A) calcitonin B) thyroxine C) parathyroid hormone D) estrogen

thyroid

Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels? A) pineal gland B) thyroid C) parathyroid D) spleen

communication

Which of the following is (are) not the function(s) of the skeletal system? A) support B) storage of minerals C) production of blood cells (hematopoiesis) D) communication

Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within

Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth? A) Growth occurs in the lining of the long bones. B) Fibroblasts give rise to chondrocytes that differentiate and form cartilage. C) Unspecialized cells from mesenchyme develop into chondrocytes, which divide and form cartilage. D) Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within.

sesamoid

A bone embedded in a tendon is called a ________ bone.

transverse

A bone fracture perpendicular to the bone's axis is called a(n) ________ fracture. A) nondisplaced B) linear C) transverse D) incomplete

nerve

A central (Haversian) canal may contain arteries, veins, capillaries, lymph vessels, and ________ fibers.

Greenstick

An incomplete fracture or cracking of the bone without actual separation of the parts. Common in children

Epiphyseal plate

Area where bone longitudal growth takes place

at epiphyseal plates

At the end of secondary ossification, hyaline cartilage can be found:

hematopoiesis

Blood cell formation is called ________.

Comminuted

Bone fragments into many pieces

within fibrous membranes

Cranial bones develop ________. A) from cartilage models B) within fibrous membranes C) from a tendon D) within osseous membranes

Osteomalacia

Disease where bone formed is poorly mineralized and soft. Deforms on weight-bearing

growth horomones

Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is important for bone growth during infancy and childhood? A) thyroid hormone B) somatomedins C) growth hormone D) prolactin

The parathyroid gland normally responds to low calcium ion levels in the blood and releases PTH which mobilizes osteoclasts to step up bone destruction, releasing more calcium into the bloodstream. If the parathyroid is not functioning properly it may release too much PTH or not respond at all, which seems to be the case here.

If your doctor notices a marked decrease in calcium ion levels in your blood, what gland might he suspect is not functioning properly and why?

osteitis

Inflamation of bony tissue is called ________.

Electrical signals direct the remodeling process.

It is thought that remodeling or bone growth is in response to the forces placed on it. Which of the following hypotheses may explain how mechanical forces communicate with cells responsible for bone remodeling? A) Increase in the synthesis of growth hormone directs the remodeling process. B) Vitamin D enhances the remodeling process. C) Bone deposition by osteoclasts is responsible for remodeling. D) Electrical signals direct the remodeling process.

Lamellae

Layers of bone matrix

calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D

Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of ________. A) calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D B) potassium, phosphate, and vitamin D C) sodium, calcium, and vitamin E D) vitamin D, phosphate, and chloride

a deficiency of vitamin D

Rickets can be caused by:

The sternum (breastbone) is a good source of blood-forming tissue.

Select the correct statement concerning the location of blood-forming tissue. A) There is blood-forming marrow in the diaphysis of most long bones of an adult. B) The sternum (breastbone) is a good source of blood-forming tissue. C) There is blood-forming marrow in most short bones of an adult. D) Blood-forming tissue is found in the skull and pelvic bones only.

trabeculae

Spongy bones are made up of a framework called ________. A) osteons B) lamellar bone C) trabeculae D) osseous lamellae

False; flat bones

T or F: All bones formed by intramembranous ossification are irregular bones.

True

T or F: An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only.

False; childhood to adolescence

T or F: Bone tissue in the skeleton of a human fetus is completely formed at six months' gestation.

False

T or F: Bones are classified by whether they are weight-bearing or protective in function.

False

T or F: In newborn infants, the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone contain yellow bone marrow.

False

T or F: Short, irregular, and flat bones have large marrow cavities in order to keep the weight of the bones light.

lacunae

The small spaces in bone tissue that are holes in which osteocytes live are called ________. A) lacunae B) Volkmann's canals C) Haversian canals D) trabeculae

Bone only appears lifeless in gross anatomy. Microscopically, bone is full of cells and blood vessels which maintain and renew bone tissue. Approximately 5 to 7% of our bone mass is recycled each week. Up to 0.5 g of calcium may enter or leave the bones each day, depending on the negative feedback hormonal mechanism and gravitational forces.

Bones appear to be lifeless structures. Does bone material renew itself?

osteoclast

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process? A) osteoclast B) osteocyte C) osteoblast D) stem cell

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ________. A) cartilage and compact bone B) marrow and osteons C) osteoblasts and osteoclasts D) chondrocytes and osteocytes

diaphysis

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________. A) epiphysis B) metaphysis C) diaphysis D) articular cartilage

comminuted

A fracture in which a bone is broken into many pieces would be classified as a ________ fracture.

endochondral

A long bone forms by a process known as ________ ossification.

fissure

A narrow slitlike opening in bones is called a ________ .

foramen

A round or oval hole through a bone that contains blood vessels and/or nerves is called a ________.

Paget's Disease

Abnormal bone formation and reabsorption

the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. Appositional growth is ________. A) growth at the epiphyseal plate B) the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage C) along the edges only D) the lengthening of hyaline cartilage

high water content

Cartilage is found in strategic places in the human skeleton. What is responsible for the resilience of cartilage? A) high water content B) hydroxyapatite deposits C) calcium influx D) phosphate ions

Osteoblasts

Cells that can build bony matrix

Osteoclasts

Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix

Spiral

Common sports fracture resulting from a twisting force

The organic matrix contributes to the bone structure and its tensile strength, while the inorganic matrix contributes to hardness and resistance to compression.

Compare the function of the organic materials in the bone matrix with the function of the inorganic materials in the matrix.

Osteoporosis

Condition where bones are porous and thin but bone composition is normal

Blood vessels enter through the periosteum into a perforating canal. The vessel may follow along the axis of the bone through a central canal. Osteocytes have long, almost dendritic-like extensions or arms that reach out through tiny holes called canaliculi. The canaliculi connect one cell to another and to the central canal. Oxygen would leave the blood vessel in the central canal and travel through the canaliculi from cell to cell until it reaches the cell in question.

Describe how oxygen is carried from outside a bone to an individual osteocyte.

drinking fluoridated water

Factors in preventing (or delaying) osteoporosis include ________. A) drinking fluoridated water B) decreasing weight-bearing exercise C) increasing dietary vitamin C D) decreasing exposure to the sun

An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue

For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary? A) A bone collar forms around the cartilage model. B) An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue. C) The cartilage matrix begins to deteriorate. D) A medullary cavity forms.

Intramembraneous ossification starts in connective tissue from mesenchymal cells that become osteoblasts. These osteoblasts cluster together into an ossification center. Endochondral ossification starts with a hyaline cartilage "template." Mesenchymal cells become osteoblasts and begin forming bone around the cartilage.

How is the beginning of intramembraneous ossification different from endochondral ossification?

due to pus-forming bacteria

Osteomyelitis is ________. A) partially due to insufficient dietary calcium B) literally known as "soft bones" C) due to pus-forming bacteria D) caused by altered vitamin D metabolism

decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage

In bone formation, a deficiency of growth hormone will cause ________. A) inadequate calcification of bone B) decreased osteoclast activity C) decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage D) increased osteoclast activity

elevated levels of sex hormones

In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause? A) overproduction of thyroid hormone B) elevated levels of sex hormones C) too much vitamin D in the diet D) osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity

by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis

In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows ________. A) by pulling the diaphysis toward the epiphysis B) by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis C) from the edges inward D) in a circular fashion

interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates

Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ________. A) interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates B) the secretion of bone matrix into the medullary cavity C) differentiation of osteoclasts D) calcification of the matrix

Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and remodeling.

List the steps in the repair process of a simple fracture.

is produced by secondary ossification centers

Ossification of the ends of long bones ________. A) is a characteristic of intramembranous bone formation B) involves medullary cavity formation C) is produced by secondary ossification centers D) takes twice as long as diaphysis

pain in a bone

Ostealgia is ________________. A) a defect called clubfoot B) a disease of the bone C) pain in a bone D) fractured bone

bone formation

Osteogenesis is the process of ________. A) making a cartilage model of the fetal bone B) bone destruction to liberate calcium C) bone formation D) making collagen fibers for calcified cartilage

To keep bones in proper dimensions, PTH and calcitonin are the major determinants of whether and when remodeling will occur in response to changing blood calcium.

Several hormones control the remodeling of bones. Which two respond to changing blood calcium levels?

Canaliculi

Small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone

True

T or F: Cartilage has a flexible matrix which can accomodate mitosis of chrondrocytes.

False

T or F: Compact bone is replaced more often than spongy bone.

True

T or F: Each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrap in alternating directions.

True

T or F: Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones

True

T or F: Sixty-five percent of the mass of bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite.

False

T or F: The periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect the bone because it is not supplied with nerves or blood vessels.

True

T or F: The structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk.

Endosteum

The lining of the marrow cavity

hyaline

The most abundant skeletal cartilage type is ________. A) hyaline B) elastic C) fibrocartilage D) epiphyseal

Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called ________. A) Volkmann's canals B) a bony matrix with hyaline cartilage C) Perforating (Sharpey's ) fibers D) the struts of bone known as spicules

appositional growth

The process of bones increasing in width is known as ________. A) closing of the epiphyseal plate B) long bones reaching adult length and width C) appositional growth D) concentric growth

the osteon

The structural unit of compact bone is ________. A) osseous matrix B) spongy bone C) lamellar bone D) the osteon

compact bone

The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress? A) spongy bone B) irregular bone C) compact bone D) trabecular bone

the internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones

The term diploë refers to ________. A) the double-layered nature of the connective tissue covering the bone B) the fact that most bones are formed of two types of bone tissue C) the internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones D) the two types of marrow found within most bones

reflects incomplete osteon formation and mineralization

The universal loss of mass seen in the skeleton, which begins about the age of 40 ________. A) is slower in females than in males B) is absolutely uniform throughout the skeleton C) reflects incomplete osteon formation and mineralization D) is greater in African Americans than in Northern Europeans

Bones of children are not completely calcified, with a higher ratio of more flexible organic fibers. Bones in the elderly are more completely calcified, which gives the characteristic of rigidity.

Why are the bones of young children much more flexible than those of the elderly?

the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it

Wolff's law is concerned with ________. A) vertical growth of bones being dependent on age B) the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it C) the function of bone being dependent on shape D) the diameter of the bone being dependent on the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts

Fat

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________. A) fat B) blood-forming cells C) elastic tissue D) Sharpey's fibers

Osteoclasts

________ are multinucleated cells that destroy bone.

Appositional

________ growth is growth in the diameter of long bones.

Osteoporosis

________ is a disease of the bone in which bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit, leaving the person with thin and often very fragile bones.

Mesenchymal cells

_____________ are not one of the four cell types that populate bone tissue in adults. A) Osteoblasts B) Mesenchymal cells C) Osteocytes D) Osteoprogenitor cells