Chapter 6

innovation

Alex, lives in a neighborhood known for its high crime rate. Much of the crime is attributed to gangs vying for control of turf to sell drugs. Even though Alex has proven to be a good student and understands that education can be valuable, he recognizes that he can earn more money quickly by selling drugs. Merton's anomie theory would argue that Alex's mode of adaptation is _____.

Economic class and wealth

America is a society stratified by social status and level. What is the basis of this grouping?

1, 9

Black males between the ages of 20 and 34 are imprisoned at a ratio of _____ to _______.

disorganized

If a locality is unable to provide essential services, such as education, health care, and proper housing, and as a result experiences significant levels of unemployment, single-parent families, and families on welfare, it would be characterized as ______________________

code of the streets

James, an inner-city, 15-year-old, African-American male, understands that successfully navigating on the streets of his neighborhood means he must be tough and smart. Living in a single-parent home headed by his mother, who works 50 to 60 hours a week keeping the family of four fed, she has done her best to instill family values in him. While he respects his mother's efforts, street values are more important for him. Being respected is ultimately important to him as well. James might be said to adhere to which of the following?

Zones I and II

Shaw and McKay's statistical analysis confirmed that even though crime rates changed, the highest rates were always in which zones?

collective efficacy

Social control exerted by cohesive communities and based on mutual trust, including intervention in the supervision of children and maintenance of public order, is known as ________.

Shaw and McKay

Social disorganization theory was popularized by the work of which two Chicago sociologists?

white privilege

The assumed societal privilege that benefits some people and provides them with opportunities not available to others under the same social, political, or economic circumstances is known as ________.

social disorganization theory

The branch of social structure theory that focuses on the breakdown in inner-city neighborhoods of institutions such as the family, school, and employment is called ________.

strain theory

The branch of social structure theory that sees crime as a function of the conflict between people's goals and the means available to obtain them is ________.

Working-class and middle-class families flee inner-city, poverty-ridden areas, and the most disadvantaged population is consolidated in urban ghettos.

The concentration effect takes place when which of the following occurs?

Social Structure Theory

The view that disadvantaged economic class position is a primary cause of crime is called ________.

differential opportunity

The view that lower-class youths, whose legitimate opportunities are limited, join gangs and pursue criminal careers as alternative means to achieve universal success goals is known as ________.

Fear is often based on experience: People living in areas with especially high crime rates are most likely to experience fear

What is the relationship between fear and crime?

high unemployment and nontraditional family structures

What types of economic and social disparities create disadvantages for the minority underclass to be successful?

removal of negative stimuli

Which of the following is not a negative affective state of strain according to Agnew?

retribution

Which of the following is not one of Thomas Merton's mode of adaptations?

Political, social, and economic programs such as affirmative action have not erased the economic gulf between whites and minorities.

Which of the following statements is true?

The strain and frustration inflicted by success is a cause of crime.

Which statement is not true?

Social ecology theory

______ is a purer form of structural theory that emphasizes the association of community deterioration and economic decline with criminality but places less emphasis on value conflict.

Children

_______ make up the largest percentage of the poor in America.

cultural deviance theory

_________ combines the effects of social disorganization and strain to explain how people living in deteriorated neighborhoods react to social isolation and economic deprivation.

anomie theory

__________ is the view that socially defined goals (such as wealth and power) are universally mandated, but access to legitimate means (such as education and job opportunities) is stratified by class and status.

General strain theory

____________ is the view that multiple sources of strain interact with an individual's emotional traits and responses to produce criminality.