Chapter 6

Characteristics or Conditions that increase risk of CVD

- Hypertension (high blood pressure) - Tobacco use. - Raised blood glucose (diabetes) - Physical inactivity. - Unhealthy diet. - Cholesterol/lipids. - Overweight and obesity.

Omega-3 Fatty Acid

Type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond at the third carbon from the omega end of the molecule, an unsaturated fatty acid of a kind occurring chiefly in fish oils, with three double bonds at particular positions in the hydrocarbon chain.

Carboxylic Acid

Organic Molecule with a carboxyl (-COOH) group

Omega-6 Fatty Acid

PUFA but its first double bond occurs at the sixth carbon from the omega end of the chain, Most omega-6 fatty acids in the diet come from vegetable oils, such as linoleic acid (LA), not to be confused with alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), which is an omega-3 fatty acid. Linoleic acid is converted to gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) in the body.

Fatty Acids

Provide energy for muscles and most other types of cells it is also the hydrocarbon chain found in lipids. One end of the chain forms carboxylic acid, and one forms a methyl goup

Lipids (Fats)

Triglycerides, Phospholipids, and Sterols (Such as cholesterol). It is a type of nutrient that does not dissolve in water

hypertension

abnormally high blood pressure levels that persist even when the person is relaxed

homocysteine

amino acid that may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis

Omega (Methyl) end

end of a fatty acid containing a methyl (-CH3) group

lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

enzyme in capillary walls that breaks down triglycerides

Lipases

enzymes that break down lipids

Unsaturated fatty acids

fatty acids that is missing hydrogen atoms and has one or more double bonds within the carbon chain

Arterial Plaque

fatty buildup in the artery

thrombus

fixed bunch of clots that remain in place and disrupt blood flow

Hydrogenation

food manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to liquid vegetable oil, forming trans fats (Less likely to undergo oxidation,

homocysteinuria

group of conditions caused by gene mutations that cause homocysteine to accumulate in the blood

Gallstones

hard particles that can accumulate in the gallbladder or become lodged in one of the ducts carrying bile from the gallbladder to small intestine (Cholecystectomy: surgery to remove a diseased gallbladder)

fat malabsorption

impaired fat absorption; symptoms include diarrhea, steatorrhea, and rapid wieght loss

Cholesterol

lipid found in animal foods; precursor for steroid hormones, bile, and vitamin D

plasma

liquid portion of blood that has had the cells removed; contains clotting factors

hydrophobic

part of a molecule that avoids water and attracts lipids

enterohepatic circulation

process that recycles bile salts in the body

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)

protein produced primarily by the liver in response to inflammation; a marker of CVD

Lipoprotein profile

series of blood tests to evaluate total cholesterol, HDL Cholesterol, LDL Cholesterol, and triglyceride levels

emulsifier

substance that helps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds mix with each other

Phospholipid

Type of lipid needed to make cell membranes and for proper functioning of nerve cells; chemically similar to a triglyceride except that one of the fatty acids is replaced by a chemical group that contains phosphorus

Cis Fatty Acids

Causes the Carbon Chain to ben

Hydrocarbon Chain

Chain of Carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms.

myocardial infarction

heart attack

Serum

liquid portion of blood that has had the cells and clotting factors removed

hydrophilic

part of a molecule that attracts water

Lipoproteins

water-soluble structure that transports lipids through the bloodstream

Trans Fats

Unsaturated fatty acids that have a trans double bond, allows the carbon chain to remain straighter

Plant Sterols/Stanols

chemicals found in plants that are structurally similar to cholesterol

Stroke

clots blocks an artery in the brain; brain cells that are nourished by the vessel die

bile salts

components of bile; aid in lipid digestion

pancreatic lipase

digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each tryglyceride molecule

Choline

water-soluble, vitamin like compounds; component of lecithin

Oleic Acid

18-Carbon monounsaturated fatty acid

Alpha-linolenic Acid

18-Carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid with three double bonds; an essential Omega-3 fatty acid

Stearic Acid

18-Carbon saturated fatty acid

Linoleic Acid

18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid with two double bonds; an essential Omega-6 fatty acid

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

A group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels; includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of the blood vessels.

Saturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids that has each a carbon atom within the chain filled with hydrogen atoms, that contain a straight molecular structure (Beef and Dairy foods contain more, and tropical oils)(Higher chance of Developing CVD)

Monounsaturated (MUFA)

Fatty acids that have ONE double bond within the carbon chains

Polyunsaturated (PUFA)

Fatty acids that have two or more double bonds within the carbon chain

Essential Fatty Acids

Fatty acids that must be supplied by the diet; linoleic and alphalinolenic acid are essential fatty acids

Oxidized LDL

LDL that has been damaged by free radicals

Triglyceride

Lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol, with a glycerol backbone

Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

Lipoprotein made in the liver and that carries much of the triglycerides in the bloodstream

Low-Density Lipoprotein

Lipoprotein taht carries cholesterol into tissues; elevated LDL is strongly linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

Lipoprotein that transports cholesterol away from tissues and to the liver, where it can be eliminated; low HDL is linked to increased risk for cardiovascular disease

Atherosclerosis

Long-term disease process in which plaques build up inside the arterial walls

Arteriosclerosis

Long-term disease process in which there is a loss of arterial flexibility

adipose (fat) cells

cells that store triglycerides

Glycerol

three-carbon alcohol that forms the backbone of fatty acids (Also exists with monoglyceride, one fatty acid, and diglyceride, two fatty acids)

embolus

thrombus or part of a plaque that breaks free and travels through the bloodstream

Sterols

type of lipid that has more complex chemical structure that tryglycerides and phospholipids

Chyomicron

type of lipoprotein formed in enterocytes to transport lipids away from the GI tract

micelle

water-soluble spherical lipid cluster; bile salts create a shell around each cluster, allowing for the structure to be suspended in watery digestive juices