Chapter 6
Characteristics or Conditions that increase risk of CVD
- Hypertension (high blood pressure) - Tobacco use. - Raised blood glucose (diabetes) - Physical inactivity. - Unhealthy diet. - Cholesterol/lipids. - Overweight and obesity.
Omega-3 Fatty Acid
Type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond at the third carbon from the omega end of the molecule, an unsaturated fatty acid of a kind occurring chiefly in fish oils, with three double bonds at particular positions in the hydrocarbon chain.
Carboxylic Acid
Organic Molecule with a carboxyl (-COOH) group
Omega-6 Fatty Acid
PUFA but its first double bond occurs at the sixth carbon from the omega end of the chain, Most omega-6 fatty acids in the diet come from vegetable oils, such as linoleic acid (LA), not to be confused with alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), which is an omega-3 fatty acid. Linoleic acid is converted to gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) in the body.
Fatty Acids
Provide energy for muscles and most other types of cells it is also the hydrocarbon chain found in lipids. One end of the chain forms carboxylic acid, and one forms a methyl goup
Lipids (Fats)
Triglycerides, Phospholipids, and Sterols (Such as cholesterol). It is a type of nutrient that does not dissolve in water
hypertension
abnormally high blood pressure levels that persist even when the person is relaxed
homocysteine
amino acid that may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis
Omega (Methyl) end
end of a fatty acid containing a methyl (-CH3) group
lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
enzyme in capillary walls that breaks down triglycerides
Lipases
enzymes that break down lipids
Unsaturated fatty acids
fatty acids that is missing hydrogen atoms and has one or more double bonds within the carbon chain
Arterial Plaque
fatty buildup in the artery
thrombus
fixed bunch of clots that remain in place and disrupt blood flow
Hydrogenation
food manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to liquid vegetable oil, forming trans fats (Less likely to undergo oxidation,
homocysteinuria
group of conditions caused by gene mutations that cause homocysteine to accumulate in the blood
Gallstones
hard particles that can accumulate in the gallbladder or become lodged in one of the ducts carrying bile from the gallbladder to small intestine (Cholecystectomy: surgery to remove a diseased gallbladder)
fat malabsorption
impaired fat absorption; symptoms include diarrhea, steatorrhea, and rapid wieght loss
Cholesterol
lipid found in animal foods; precursor for steroid hormones, bile, and vitamin D
plasma
liquid portion of blood that has had the cells removed; contains clotting factors
hydrophobic
part of a molecule that avoids water and attracts lipids
enterohepatic circulation
process that recycles bile salts in the body
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)
protein produced primarily by the liver in response to inflammation; a marker of CVD
Lipoprotein profile
series of blood tests to evaluate total cholesterol, HDL Cholesterol, LDL Cholesterol, and triglyceride levels
emulsifier
substance that helps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds mix with each other
Phospholipid
Type of lipid needed to make cell membranes and for proper functioning of nerve cells; chemically similar to a triglyceride except that one of the fatty acids is replaced by a chemical group that contains phosphorus
Cis Fatty Acids
Causes the Carbon Chain to ben
Hydrocarbon Chain
Chain of Carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms.
myocardial infarction
heart attack
Serum
liquid portion of blood that has had the cells and clotting factors removed
hydrophilic
part of a molecule that attracts water
Lipoproteins
water-soluble structure that transports lipids through the bloodstream
Trans Fats
Unsaturated fatty acids that have a trans double bond, allows the carbon chain to remain straighter
Plant Sterols/Stanols
chemicals found in plants that are structurally similar to cholesterol
Stroke
clots blocks an artery in the brain; brain cells that are nourished by the vessel die
bile salts
components of bile; aid in lipid digestion
pancreatic lipase
digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each tryglyceride molecule
Choline
water-soluble, vitamin like compounds; component of lecithin
Oleic Acid
18-Carbon monounsaturated fatty acid
Alpha-linolenic Acid
18-Carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid with three double bonds; an essential Omega-3 fatty acid
Stearic Acid
18-Carbon saturated fatty acid
Linoleic Acid
18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid with two double bonds; an essential Omega-6 fatty acid
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
A group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels; includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of the blood vessels.
Saturated Fatty Acids
Fatty acids that has each a carbon atom within the chain filled with hydrogen atoms, that contain a straight molecular structure (Beef and Dairy foods contain more, and tropical oils)(Higher chance of Developing CVD)
Monounsaturated (MUFA)
Fatty acids that have ONE double bond within the carbon chains
Polyunsaturated (PUFA)
Fatty acids that have two or more double bonds within the carbon chain
Essential Fatty Acids
Fatty acids that must be supplied by the diet; linoleic and alphalinolenic acid are essential fatty acids
Oxidized LDL
LDL that has been damaged by free radicals
Triglyceride
Lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol, with a glycerol backbone
Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)
Lipoprotein made in the liver and that carries much of the triglycerides in the bloodstream
Low-Density Lipoprotein
Lipoprotein taht carries cholesterol into tissues; elevated LDL is strongly linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease
High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
Lipoprotein that transports cholesterol away from tissues and to the liver, where it can be eliminated; low HDL is linked to increased risk for cardiovascular disease
Atherosclerosis
Long-term disease process in which plaques build up inside the arterial walls
Arteriosclerosis
Long-term disease process in which there is a loss of arterial flexibility
adipose (fat) cells
cells that store triglycerides
Glycerol
three-carbon alcohol that forms the backbone of fatty acids (Also exists with monoglyceride, one fatty acid, and diglyceride, two fatty acids)
embolus
thrombus or part of a plaque that breaks free and travels through the bloodstream
Sterols
type of lipid that has more complex chemical structure that tryglycerides and phospholipids
Chyomicron
type of lipoprotein formed in enterocytes to transport lipids away from the GI tract
micelle
water-soluble spherical lipid cluster; bile salts create a shell around each cluster, allowing for the structure to be suspended in watery digestive juices