chapter 7

_____ defines three categories of research misconduct, which are data fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism.

The Office of Research Integrity (ORI)

Which of the following statements is true about the guidelines developed by the Association of Internet Researchers (AoIR) to address key ethical issues posed by Internet research?

they address ethical issues based on the nature and needs of specific research studies.

While evaluating the chat room participants' responses to being part of a research study, James Hudson and Amy Bruckman (2004) found that they were more likely to be kicked out of a chat room when _____.

they identified themselves as researchers

The best way to deal with research fraud is to:

train scientists so that they understand the importance of honesty in research.

You detect some research fraud in your laboratory. You decide to "blow the whistle" and turn the offender in. You will most likely be:

vilified, and your own credibility will be called into question.

According to the 2002 APA ethical principles that apply to human research participants, informed consent may be dispensed with only:

where research would not reasonably be assumed to cause distress or harm.

In 1954, Vinacke wrote a letter to the editor of the AmericanPsychologist:

. taking psychologists to task for a lack of concern over the welfare of their research participants.

The first ethical code of the American Psychological Association (APA) was accepted in:

1953

Bell (1992) suggested that exactly quantifying research fraud may be difficult because:

Bell (1992) suggested that exactly quantifying research fraud may be difficult because:

Respect for persons, beneficence, and justice are the three basic principles of ethical treatment of human participants underlying all medical and behavioral research. These principles are presented in the:

Belmont Report.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of an institutional review board (IRB)?

IRB review adds to the costs of doing research and leads to delay in conducting research.

Which of the following statements is true about the U.S. Office of Research Integrity (ORI)?

It states that institutions are obligated to protect whistleblowers from retaliation in accordance with U.S. law.

In the context of the Belmont Report, which of the following principles states that researchers and participants should share the costs and potential benefits of research as well as prohibits using participant populations simply because they are readily available, are convenient, and may have difficulty refusing participation in research?

Justice

In the context of the Belmont Report, which of the following is a component of beneficence?

To protect the well-being of research participants

Dehoaxing" means that you:

convince your participants that the deception used in your study was necessary and take steps to reverse any ill effects of being deceived.

An institutional review board (IRB) reviews your research to ensure that it:

adheres to established ethical guidelines

A proposal submitted to an IRB includes

all above

According to Pittenger (2003), the Internet can be considered equivalent to a public place like a shopping mall because:

all correct

According to the 2002 APA ethical principles that apply to human research participants, informed consent when required should include:

all correct

According to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Research Council, 2011), an institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) membership should include:

all correct

Fraud in research:

all correct

Motivation to commit fraud in research may stem from the _____.

all correct

The Declaration of Helsinki:

all correct

Proposals for research using animal subjects must be reviewed and approved by:

an institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC).

_____ means that you explain the methods used in a study to the participants, including any deception.

debriefing

According to the APA principles, if you decide to use deception in your research, you must:

explain that deception is an integral feature of the design and conduct of the research to participants as early as is feasible.

Obtaining informed consent from research participants is a process that involves:

informing the participants about research and obtaining consent to participate in it.

According to the APA ethical principles, deception is an acceptable research practice if:

investigators determine that the use of deceptive techniques is justified by the study's significant prospective scientific, educational, or applied value and that effective nondeceptive alternative procedures are not feasible.

Materials that people post on social media, such as Facebook or Twitter, _____.

may include postings by "third parties," thereby complicating the issue of whether informed consent is required

An Internet research gives potential participants a full description of the study, an informed-consent form, an opportunity to withdraw from the study, and information on how to obtain follow-up information. This Internet research:

poses no more ethical concerns than offline research.

. According to the APA ethical principles, when psychologists conduct research with clients/patients, students, or subordinates as participants, they should take steps to:

protect the prospective participants from adverse consequences of declining or withdrawing from participation.

Internet research that makes use of existing chat rooms, forums and communities, and e-mail groups:

raises a host of issues not covered particularly well in traditional ethical guidelines.

The Nuremberg Code was developed after:

the use of concentration camp inmates in medical experiments during World War II.

Which of the following statements is true about an institutional review board (IRB)? A. It is important because it allows a group of individuals who do not have a vested interest in your research to screen your study.

t is important because it allows a group of individuals who do not have a vested interest in your research to screen your study, and its review and approval provide protection for you, your participants, and the sponsoring institution.

In the context of the guidelines that apply to using children as research participants, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2009) regulations for research with human participants states that:

the assent of child participants must be obtained unless the research involving children is exempt under the code.

The most harmful, but rare, form of research fraud is:

the outright fabrication of data.

According to the 2002 APA ethical principles that apply to human research participants, informed consent shall be obtained when voices or images are recorded as data unless:

the research design includes deception and consent for the use of the recording is obtained during debriefing.

One factor that both researchers and IRBs must assess is:

the risk-benefit ratio of doing research.