Chapter 7
Migration Theories Ethnic Economy Theory
immigrant groups create their own economic niches concentration of co-ethnics promote a sense of solidarity which mobilize resources needed for further entrepreneurship ethnic jobs provide footholds for newcomers
Consequences of Migration *Consequences for Migrants* Co-Ethnics
a person who shares your ethnic heritage one way a migrant may cope with the relocation anxiety would be to seek out other people like you often includes the use of *enclaves*
Internal and Inernational Migrants Asylee
a person who has been forced out of his or her country of nationality and who is seeking legal refuge (permanent residency) in the country to which he or she has moved
Internal and Inernational Migrants Internally Displaced Persons (IDP)
a person who is forced to flee from home but seeks refuge elsewhere in the country of origin especially common in developing nations can be due to natural disasters or government-led efforts in response to political and ideological factors
Internal and Inernational Migrants Emigrant
a person who leaves one country to settle permanently in another an international out-migrant
Internal and Inernational Migrants In-Migrant
a person who migrates permanently into an area from somewhere else this term usually refers to an internal migrant
Internal and Inernational Migrants Immigrant
a person who moves into a country of which he or she is not a native for the purpose of taking up permanent residence an international immigrant
Defining Migration Mover
a person who moves within the same county and thus, according to the US Census Bureau definitions, has not moved far enough to become a migrant
Internal and Inernational Migrants Out-Migrant
a person who permanently leaves an area and migrates someplace else usually refers to internal migration
Internal Migration: US
high migration rates migration is part of an American's life an important dynamic of population re-distribution
Internal and Inernational Migrants Illegal/Undocumented Immigrants
immigrants who lack government permission to reside in the country to which they have moved
Migration between Countries *Which Theories Are Best?*
each of the theories is supported inn some way or another by the available evidence and, in particular, none of the theories is specifically refuted
Consequences of Migration *Consequences for Migrants* Pluralism
multiculturalism immigrants retain their ethnic communities but share the same legal rights as other members of the host society
Internal and Inernational Migrants Refugee
a person who has been forced out of his or her country of nationality
Migration Origins and Destinations *Migration into the United States* 1882
*Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882* - first immigration restriction of the US - when gold was discovered in California, a bunch of Chinese showed up, but Americans were also wanting it and competing, so the government banned Chinese immigrants for ten years - following this, other exclusion acts were passed against other immigrant groups *Immigration Act of 1882* - levied a head tax of 50 cents on each immigrant and blocked the entry of idiots, convicts, and persons likely to become public charges
Postwar Social Change 1920-1929
*Great Migration* causes: - decreased cotton prices - lack of immigrant labor - war industries *effects* - higher wages - more educational opportunities - better standard of living for African-Americans *negatives* - race riots - growth of the KKK
Societal Consequences to Sending Society
*benefit form emigrations* - remittances - new ideology, especially democracy - skills and experiences - reduced population pressure *negative effects* - brain drain - losing of young
Societal Consequences to Host Society
*demographic impacts* - contribute to their population growth, - balance age-structure--add more young people to the host society - higher fertility among immigrants - change race/ethnic combination of host society *economic impacts* positive effects counteract the negative effects, overall moderate benefits to U.S. - expand the economic scale by adding more workers, consumers into the host society and by creating ethnic economy - help finance the pension system by adding workers into the host society - filled gaps in host society's labor market - lower down wages for many occupations (not a problem of immigration but a problem of capitalism) - tax on welfare system (even though the majority recipient of assistant are natives) *social and cultural impacts* - create a diverse society - competition and tension
Why Do People Migrate?
*kinship as motivation* - chain migration is usually involved as an individual or small group decides to migrate elsewhere - these "innovators" tend to be natural leaders who influence others, especially family and friends to migrate with them - word spreads, starting migration from one place to small area or neighborhood in the destination country chain migration causes movement of people to become channelized - linked a specific source region to a particular destination - neighbors back home became neighbors in the new place - pattern in all ethnic groups
Measuring Migration *Stocks vs. Flows*
*migration flow* the movement of people between regions *migration stock* the number of people in a region who have migrated there from somewhere else - comes largely from censuses and surveys if additional questions are asked about where they came from, then we can infer something about migration flows as well, since we can then measure the number of people in the stock who flowed from point A to point B we don't have a good source of data on migration flows out of the US; have to rely on outside estimates internal migration data (in the US) are obtained from the Current Population Survey and the American Community Survey
Major Receiving Regions after WWII
North America Europe Australia Arab oil-producing nations U.S. takes in more immigrants (net) than any other nation and Mexico sends more emigrants than any other nation
Migration Origins and Destinations *Global Patterns of Migration* India and Israel
WWII unleashed a new cycle of European and Asian migration, pushing people out of war-torn countries after the war, the partition of the Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan led to the transfer of more than 15 million people, Muslims to East and West Pakistan and Hindus into India the partitioning of Palestine to create the new state of Israel produced 700,000 Palestinian out-migrants and an influx of a large proportion of north African and Middle Eastern Jewish population into that area
Measuring Migration *Migration Indices* Crude Net Migration Rate (CNMR)
a measure of migration calculated as the number of in-migrants minus the number of out-migrants divided by the total midyear population IMigR--OMigR
Measuring Migration *Migration Indices* Components of Change (or Residual) Method of Estimating Migration
a method of estimating and/or projecting population size by adding births, subtracting deaths, and adding net migration occurring in an interval of time, then adding the result to the population at the beginning of the interval
Measuring Migration *Migration Indices* Forward Survival (or Residual) Method of Migration Estimation
a method of estimating migration between two censuses by combining census data with life table probabilities of survival between the two censuses key to estimating the undocumented immigrant population in the US
International Migration Flow/Stream
a migration stream consists of the people who migrate from one specific area to another in a given period of time e.g.,1m entered U.S. in 2005
Consequences of Migration *Consequences for Migrants* Enclave
a place within a larger community within which members of a particular subgroup tend to concentrate may even serve to facilitate migration if people know they have a safe and accepting community to go to ethnic ties may also provide entrepreneurial newcomers with access to working capital, protected markets, and a pool of labor to help get a business started although, may retard the migrants' assimilation to the new culture migrants may experience a brief period of euphoria and hopefulness, but that may be followed by a period of shock and depression immigrants undergo a process of *adaptation,* and if not, then at least *acculturation*
the Migration Transition within Countries *Why Do People Migrate?* Implementing Strategy
a possible means (such as migration) whereby a goal (such as an improvement in income) might be attained people also migrate often because of "life cycle" situations like a new job, military deployment, etc.
Consequences of Migration *Consequences for Migrants* Adaptation
a process undergone by immigrants in which they adjust to the new physical and social environment of the host society learn how best to negotiate everyday life
Consequences of Migration *Consequences for Migrants* Acculturation
a process undergone by immigrants in which they adopt the host language and music, bring their diet more into line with the host culture's diet, and participate in cultural activities of the host society
Consequences of Migration *Children of Immigrants* Segmented Assimilation
a situation in which the children of immigrants either adopt the host language and behavior, but are prevented from fully participating in society by their identification with a racial/ethnic minority group, or assimilate economically in the new society, but retain strong attachment to their own ethnic/racial group in Europe, and increasingly in America, the second generation may fall into one of two possible patterns of segmented assimilation: - adopt the host language and behavior, but find themselves identified with a racial/ethnic minority group that effectively limits their full participation in society - assimilate economically into the new society, but retain strong attachments to the ethnic group of origin
the Migration Transition within Countries *Why Do People Migrate?* Push-Pull Theory
a theory of migration that says some people move because they are pushed out of their former location, whereas others move because they have been pulled, or attracted, to another location\ Ravenstein (the guy who came up with the theory) thought that pull factors were more important than push factors - people want to better themselves materialistically and financially it's probably rare for people to respond to stress by voluntarily migrating unless they feel there is some reasonably attractive alternative the decision to move usually develops over a fairly long period of time and is inconsistent among people - desire to move, expectation of moving, to the actual fact of migrating cost of moving: the cost and the ability to move (money, health, transportation, distance, network, separation,...) as a result: migration is selective even when (push + pull) > cost, it is not the case that everyone will move
Consequences of Migration *Consequences for Migrants* Transitional Migrant
an international migrant who maintains close ties in both his or her country of origin and his or her country of destination such individuals have also been called "skilled transients" - relatively skilled workers moving internationally on assignment and, in the process, having an impact on the area of destination while always intending to return to the area of origin
Internal and Inernational Migrants Long-Term Immigrant
an international migrant whose stay in the place of destination is more than one year
Defining Migration Sojourner
an international mover seeking paid employment in another country but never really setting up a permanent residence in the new location
Migration between Countries *The New Household Economics of Migration*
argues that decisions about migration are often made in the context of what is best for an entire family or household people act collectively to maximize their expected income and to minimize risk - thus migration is a way to diversify the family's sources of income migrating members of the household have their journey subsidized and then remit portions of their earnings back home - this cushions households against the risk inherent in societies with weak institutions if there is no unemployment insurance, no welfare, no bank from which to borrow money or even in which to invest money safely, then the remittances from migrant family members can be cornerstones of a household's economic well-being
Migration between Countries *Network Theory*
argues that migrants establish interpersonal ties that "connect migrants, former migrants, and non-migrants in origin and destination areas through ties of kinship, friendship, and shared community of origin, increasing the likelihood of international movement because they lower the costs and risks of movement and increase the expected net returns to migration" once migration has begun, it may well take on a life of its own chain migration: migration in an established flow form a common origin to a predetermined destination where earlier migrants have laid the ground work for the new arrivals through ties of kinship, friendship, and shared community origin, former migrants, non-migrants in origin and destination areas are connected lower the costs and risks of migration and increase the expected net returns establish migration norm in a community (such migration eventually may become a rite of passage into adulthood for community members, having little to do with economic supply and demand)
Migration between Countries *The Neoclassical Economics Approach*
argues that migration is a process of labor adjustment caused by geographic differences in the supply of and demand for labor suggest that people choose to migrate to places where the greatest opportunities exist left unrestricted, migration will continue until an equilibrium of labor supply and demand is reached countries with a growing economy and a scarce labor force have higher wages than a region with a less-developed economy and a larger labor force migration is an investment in human capital. People choose to migrate to places that their skills would be rewarded best (consistent with push-pull theory) the differential in wages causes people to move till the gap in wages is reduced merely to the cost of migration
Migration between Countries *World Systems Theory*
argues that since the sixteenth century (and as part of the Industrial Revolution in Europe), the world market has been developing and expanding into a set of core nations (those with capital and other forms of material wealth) and a set of peripheral countries (basically the rest of the world) that have become dependent on the core, as the core countries have entered the peripheral countries in search of land, raw materials, labor, and new consumer markets sees migration as a natural outgrowth of disputations and dislocations that inevitably occur inn the process of capitalist development as the core countries have entered the peripheral countries in search of land, raw materials, labor, and new consumer markets, the peripheral countries have become dependent on the core (their original evolution process was disrupted) migration is inevitable during the process of capitalist development as peripheral countries been incorporated into the world market economy, their land, raw material, and labor all come under the influence of market migration of labor form low demand to high demand area is inevitable
Consequences of Migration *Consequences for Migrants* Four Types of Immigrant Incorporation
assimilation integration exclusion multiculturalism
Trump Immigration Policy
banned nationals of eight countries, most majority-Muslim, from entering the United States reduced refugee admissions to the lowest level since the resettlement program was created in 1980. reversed the decline in arrests of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. interior that had occurred during the last two years of the Obama administration cancelled the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, which is currently providing work authorization and temporary relief from deportation to approximately 690,000 unauthorized immigrants brought to the United States as children ended the designation of Temporary Protected Status for nationals of Haiti, Nicaragua and Sudan, and signaled that Hondurans and possibly Salvadorans may also lose their work authorization and protection from removal in 2018
Migration Origins and Destinations *Migration into the United States* European Migration to US
before WWI, there were few restriction on migration into the United States and Canada, so if people wanted to come, they came once the death rate in Europe dropped significantly during the nineteenth century, young people had to compete more for jobs since more people were sticking around, add in the economic opportunities in the US and all the political and economic problems in Europe, and there was enormous European migration to the US - mostly from northern and western Europe by the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, immigrants from southern and eastern Europe starting coming too
the Migration Transition within Countries *Why Do People Migrate?* the Migration Process
can be thought of as having three major stages: - the propensity to migrate in general (which may be, at least in part, cultural) - the motivation to migrate to a specific location - the actual decision to migrate begins when a household decide which individuals will migrate, to where, when, etc. - usually associated with making the entire household's lives better - influenced by the sociocultural environment - personal traits are important, and they combine with the opportunity structure demographic characteristics combine with societal and cultural norms about migration to shape the values people hold with respect to migration - wealth - status - comfort - autonomy - affiliation - morality amount of information is also important in weighing the costs and benefits
Migration Theories Network Theory Kinship As Motivation
chain migration is usually involved as an individual or small group decides to migrate elsewhere these "innovators" tend to be natural leaders who influence others, especially family and friends to migrate with them word spreads, starting migration from one place to small area or neighborhood in the destination country
the Migration Transition within Countries *Who Migrates? - Selectivity by Gender*
complicated by cultural norms about women in society in more progressive societies, the ratio is about equal, sometimes even slightly higher for women in more traditional societies, women are supposed to stay home and the husband will be the one to move
the Migration Transition within Countries *Migration within the United States*
data suggest that 1/5 internal migrants in the US is involved in a job transfer (not that person's own decision to move) 1/10 move to be closer to relatives with rural populations growing, there's less jobs there, so people move to the city - the rural population eventually stabilizes because we do need farmers there to do their job population movements are part and parcel of American life, and so the country continues to evolve demographically as a consequence of emerging patterns of migration in and between urban areas
Consequences of Migration *Consequences for Migrants* Exclusion
dealing with immigrants to an area by keeping them separate from most members of the host society, forcing them into separate enclaves or ghettos Immigrants are excluded form mainstream society enclaves and ghettos *segmented assimilation* the second generation fall into one of the two possible patterns: - assimilate economically but retain strong attachment to the ethnic group of origin - assimilate linguistically, but not economically --- the label of racial-ethnic group limits their full participation in society
What Factors Affect International Migration
demographic factors (age structure, population growth) economic factors social, political, and psychological factors culture policy
the Migration Transition within Countries *Migration within the United States* Great Migration
describes the phenomenon of white and black migrants moving from southern states to northeastern and north central states between WWI an the 1960s in the 1970s, this pattern reversed and the northeastern and north central states found themselves increasingly to be migration origins rather than destinations, and people were moving south and west ("New Great Migration") - moving from the Rust/Snow Belt to the Sun Belt
A Brief History of US Internal Migration
early settlement of the East Coast region at 1790, the first census, equal distribution of North and South after the Civil War, Midwest boomed as industries in the region expanded in 1940s, Midwest drew substantial numbers of blacks from south slower growth in South till 1970 South has drawn people from Northeast and Midwest since then because of the emergence of major commercial cities it is the most populated region of the country now West has attract immigrants since the gold rush it has the second largest population
Who Migrates?
elective by age: young people are more likely to move selective by life-cycle: life cycle events increase migration rates (move out of parents' house; move to jobsites after college graduation; married; have children and settle down; retired; institutionalized)
What Has Changed
enhancing immigration enforcement cutting back on humanitarian programs increasing vetting and obstacles for legal immigration ending DACA
the Migration Transition within Countries *Why Do People Migrate?* Intervening Obstacles
factors that may inhibit migration even if a person is motivated to migrate would include things like: - distance of the expected destination - cost of getting there - poor health
Migration Origins and Destinations *Global Patterns of Migration* Xenophobia
fear of strangers, which often leads to discrimination against migrants
Migration between Countries
few countries encourage migration - fraught with potential conflict internal migration is more strongly influenced by individual characteristics of people international migrants are more apt to be influenced by the social and political climate and by the opportunity structure
Why Do People Move Across Regions?
follow jobs for better schools for better weather to join their family
Migration Origins and Destinations *Migration out of the United States* Two Main Patterns of Return Migration*
for some people who migration into the country to quickly become discouraged or disenchanted, or perhaps to reach a short-term goal, and then to return home, having stayed in the US for only a short while AND for people to migrate to the US when young, and then retire back to their country or origin
Consequences of Migration *Consequences for Migrants*
for the individual migrant, relocation may nonetheless produce anxiety and stress as a new social environment that has to be negotiated models by which a society incorporate immigrants into its midst assimilation integration exclusion pluralism
Case Study: African American Patterns
forced migration pre-Civil War - involuntary migration in which the mover has no role in the decision-making process - slavery --- about 11 million African slaves were brought to the Americas between 1519 and 1802. --- 1802 on: internal forced migration to deep south cotton belt --- in 1860, there were close to 4 million slaves in the United States voluntary migration to midwest / north 1800s - the migrant makes the decision to move - most migration is voluntary - push and pull factors determined whom and where
Current Streams
from "South" to "North" (LDRs to MDRs) from non-oil producing nations to oil-producing nations refugees from Africa and western Asia to other regions from poorer regions to "emerging" economies in south and southeast Asia
Defining Migration Mobility
geographic movement that is either not permanent, or is of sufficiently short distance that it is not considered to be migration
Internal and Inernational Migrants Legal Immigrants
immigrants who have legal permission to be permanent residents of the country to which they have moved
Migration Origins and Destinations *Global Patterns of Migration* Massey's Perverse Laws of International Migration
immigration is a low easier to start than it is to stop actions taken to restrict immigration often have the opposite effect the fundamental causes of immigration may be outside the control of policy makers immigrants understand immigration better than do politicians and academicians because they understand immigration better than policy makers, immigrants are often able to circumvent policies aimed at stopping them
Immigration Policy
immigration policy is often motivated by xenophobia in U.S. history, immigration has long been viewed as a danger to public health; a threat to job security; a drain to social welfare system; a threat to the dominant culture or lifestyle in the host country migrants: who do I want to join? natives: who do we want to accept? the goals of immigration policy often are to the interest of the host society - get the best - get the needed - avoid the unwanted discrepancy between needs and policy— illegal immigrants
the Migration Transition within Countries
in the premodern world, migration was pretty low the decline in mortality helped to unleash migration a migration transition has occurred virtually everywhere in concert with the fertility and mortality transitions people won't leave for the fun of it; they go where the resources are because of the centralization of economic functioning, migrants have typically been drawn to cities
Different Types of Migration
in-migration vs. out-migration internal migration vs. international migration legal migration vs. illegal migration voluntary migration vs. involuntary migration migration flow/stream - a migration stream consists of the people who migrate from one specific area to another in a given period of time origin and destination gross migration (volume of migration) and net migration
Consequences of Migration *Consequences for Migrants* Multiculturalism
incorporating immigrants into a host society in a manner that allows the immigrants to retain their ethnic communities but share the same legal rights as other members of the host society is enhanced by the *transnational migrant*
Consequences of Migration *Consequences for Migrants* Integration
incorporating immigrants into the receiving society through the mechanism of mutual accommodation
Migration between Countries *Why Do People Migrate Internationally?*
initiation of migration patterns: - neoclassical economics - the new household economics of migration - dual labor market theory - world systems theory perpetuation of migration patterns: - network theory - institutional theory - cumulative causation demographic base rapid growth and young population in LDRs: labor surplus slow or negative growth and aging population in MDRs: labor shortages migration theories for voluntary migration: - push-pull theory - neoclassical economic approach - the new household economics of migration - dual labor market theory - world systems theory - network theory - institutional theory - cumulative causation theory - ethnic economy theory
Migration between Countries *Cumulative Causation* Human Capital
investments in individuals that can improve their economic productivity and thus their overall standard of living includes things such as education and job training, and often enhanced by migration
U.S. Immigration Policy
laissez faire: 1790-1875 - no federal laws to regulate immigration - flow from west Europe qualitative restrictions: 1875-1920 - select by health, political beliefs and behaviors - contract-labor laws - exclude certain race or nationalities - flow from south and east Europe quantitative restrictions: 1921 to present - Quota act in 1921 family reunion and labor needs: 1965-1980 - flow from Asia and Latin America Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) - increased border security during 1990s and 2000s
African American Return Migration
large-scale channelized return migration of African Americans to their Black Belt ethnic homeland in the South has occurred since 1975 - over 2/3 of the migrants "follow well-worn paths back to homeplaces or other locations where relatives have settled" - 7% of blacks in Los Angeles County, California, moved away between 1985 and 1990 --- many went to the American South --- by the year 2000, the dominantly-black-South-Central district of Los Angeles became largely Hispanic
Migration Theories Network Theory Chain Migration Causes Movement of People to Become Channelized
linked a specific source region to a particular destination neighbors back home became neighbors in the new place pattern in all ethnic groups
Internal and Inernational Migrants
migration across international boundaries is usually voluntary, but it typically means that a person - has met fairly stringent entrance requirements - is entering without documentation - is granted refugee status fleeing from a political, social, or military conflict international migration is usually much more stressful
Measuring Migration *Migration Indices*
migration is measured with rates similar to those for fertility and mortality these rates can be used to measure internal or international migration, depending on the focus of the analysis and the data available the assumption behind each index is that coverage error and other errors don't exist (we ignore the possibility of error to make things less confusing)
the Migration Transition within Countries *Why Do People Migrate?* Two More Enduring Generalizations about Migration
migration is selective the heightened propensity to migrate at certain stages of the life cycle is important in the selection of migrants - especially when people are just reaching maturity (peak of education, establishing a life, healthiest, etc.)
Migration Notes
migration is selective - only a selected portion of a population migrates - healthiest, younger, strongest in the U.S., women have virtually the same rates of migration as do men, reflecting increasing gender equity in many countries women are now MORE likely to migrate, reflecting poverty and rise of women's domestic labor as a commodity chain the heightened propensity to migrate at certain stages of the life cycle is important in the selection of migrants
Migration between Countries *Institutional Theory*
migration may be perpetuated by institutions that develop precisely to facilitate (and profit from) the continued flow of immigrants may provide a range of services, from humanitarian protection of exploited persons to benign services such as lodging smuggling system get people across the borders and provide counterfeit documents
Migration Origins and Destinations *Migration into the United States* Migration throughout the Twentieth Century
migration slowed significantly during the 1930s and 40s due to these restrictive laws and the Great Depression brief upsurge in the 1950s after WWII in the 1960s, the ethnically discriminatory aspects of North America's immigration policy ended, but its restrictive aspects were maintained - a system of preference was maintained, but modified to give first crack at immigration to relatives of American citizens a certification by the US Labor Department is now required for occupational preference applicants to establish that their skills are required in the US in 1976, the immigration law was amended so that parents of US citizens had highest priority if only their child was at least 21 years old since the change in legislation in the 1960s, European immigrants to the US have been replaced almost totally by Hispanics and Latin Americans - especially Mexicans (1/3 foreign born) - largest sustained flow of migrant workers
Migration Transition (Class Notes)
migration transition: rates of migration from low to high, change of streams early history: - primitive migration - impelled migration - slavery pre-modern: - low migration rates; - stream mainly from more developed areas to less developed areas (from Europe to America, Australia, and Asia; from China and India to other parts of Asia; involuntary migration from Africa to America) modern: - increasing rates of migration - stream mainly from less developed areas to more developed areas
Which Moves Are Migration
migration: a change in residence that are permanent or semi-permanent (arbitrary) cross some administrative boundary occur during a given period of time
Forced Migration *Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons* Statistics
more than 32 million "uprooted" people in the world - about 1/3 are refugees --- 80% are in developing countries --- among the rich countries, the US hosts the most - 1 million are asylees - the other 2/3 are internally displaced people
Migration between Countries Explaining Migration in the Modern World
most important elements: - the creation of new opportunity structures for migration - cheaper and quicker transportation and communication can: --- increase the information that people have about a potential new location --- make it easier to migrate and to return home if things do not work out
Migration between Countries *Dual Labor Market Theory*
offers a reason for the creation of opportunities for migration suggests that in developed regions of the world there are essentially two kinds of job markets: - the primary sector --- employs well-educated people, pays them well, and offers them security and benefits - the secondary labor market --- characterized by low wages, unstable working conditions, and lack of reasonable prospects for advancement the secondary sector is obviously much less attractive, but we still need people to do those jobs, and that's where migrants usually come in it is easy enough to recruit people into the primary sector, but the secondary sector is not so attractive to natives historically, women, teenagers, and racial and ethnic minorities in the MDRs were recruited into these jobs in past few decades women and racial minority groups have succeeded in moving increasingly into the primary sector, at the same time that the low birth rate has diminished the supply of teenagers and young unskilled laborers yet the lower echelon of jobs still needs to be filled, and so immigrants from LDRs are recruited - either actively (in case of agricultural workers) - or passively (the diffusion of information that such jobs are available)
Migration Origins and Destinations *Global Patterns of Migration*
only 3% of the world's total population are living in a country different from where they were born - but their social, economic, political, and demographic impacts are far larger globalization of migration is, in part at least, a consequence of economic globalization low fertility in Europe is fueling immigration especially to the UK, Italy, France, Spain, and Germany the oil-producing Gulf states of the United Arab Emirates and Qatar have huge guest worker programs, receiving migrants from other Arab countries, as well as from Asia US, Canada, and Australia have always had among the highest fractions of foreign-born in the world, and European nations are now included
Internal Migration
over time this is a usually a story of rural population growth leading to a redundancy of that population, so people look for jobs and life elsewhere when the population is almost entirely urban (as in the US and most of western Europe), people move between urban places, and we might call that migration evolution, influenced especially by individual characteristics
Migration between Countries *Who Migrates Internationally?*
people migrate for job-related reasons and then, very often, their family members follow them in a pattern of chain migration that involves family reunification simple supply-and-demand model the arrival of these people will create both a new supply of labor and a rising demand for goods and services a common way to deal with guest laborers who become permanent residents is a variation on the segmented assimilation model
What is the Migration Transition? Internal Migration
permanent change in residence within national boundaries usually voluntary migration often based on economic factors
What is the Migration Transition? International Migration
permanent change of residence involving movement from one country to another
US Immigration Flows
phase 1:From West Europe phrase 2: From South and East Europe phrase 3: From Latin America and Asia
Migration Decision Making
propensity to migrate - individual human capital attributes - individual risk-taking traits - household characteristics and resources - household/family migration norms - community characteristics - community migration networks motivation to migrate: if costs < benefits migration behavior
Why People Migrate Internally
push-pull theory: the desire to migrate three elements: - push forces in the region of origin - pull forces in the region of destination - the cost of moving
Migration between Countries *Cumulative Causation*
recognizes that each act of migration change the likelihood of subsequent decisions about migration because migration has an impact on the social environments in both the sending and receiving regions in the sending countries, remittances increases the income levels of migrants families and may motivate other households to migrate in the receiving countries, certain occupational sector may be labeled as "immigrant jobs" and reinforces the demand for immigrant labors
Consequences for Migrants
relocation often produce anxiety and stress as a new social environment has to be negotiated part of the negotiation process maybe to deal with discrimination result from xenophobia *xenophobia* fear and mistrust of strangers on the part of people already residing in the place to which the migrant has moved to deal with the discrimination, immigrants usually seek out others who share their cultural and geographic back ground - this lead to the concentration of ethnic groups - *enclaves* if policy deny the right of citizenship, immigrants are less likely to fully integrated and assimilated into the country in which they are living
Forced Migration *Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons* Three Solutions to the Problem of Refugee Populations
repatriation to the country of origin resettlement in the country of origin resettlement in a third country none of these are easy to accomplish, and the situation is complicated by the fact that birth rates tend to be high among refugee groups
International Migration Rural to Urban Transition
rural: surplus labor--push urban: better jobs--pull
Forced Migration *Slavery* Scoring Countries
scored on two criteria: - the prevalence of slavery (%) - absolute number of slaves worst in percentage: Mauritania, Haiti, and Pakistan worst in absolute terms: India, China, and Pakistan
Migration Origins and Destinations *Migration into the United States* Philippines
second largest sustained flow of migrants: Philippines - US had control of the Philippines after winning the Spanish-American War - while they were nationals, their entry was generally restricted - gained independence in 1936, so then they were under federal immigration laws and were altogether excluded from entering - after WWII, there was then an influx of migrants - now, about 3/4 of Filipino immigrants are relatives of Filipino Americans
Legal Immigrants
selected by human capital, social and cultural capital, motivation, and other resources
Migration Origins and Destinations *Migration into and out of Canada*
similar pattern to the US considerable amounts of immigration and emigration net migration jumped in the 1980s and early 90s as a result of immigration policy changes recent immigration to Canada are far less likely to have come from Europe than was true in the past
Forced Migration *Slavery*
slavery has existed within various human societies for millennia the most massive migration of slaves was that of the Atlantic slave trade (11 million African slaves to the western hemisphere) - the destinations were largely the sugar and coffee plantations of the Caribbean and Brazil. but hundreds of thousands were also sold in the US to serve as laborers on cotton and tobacco plantations slavery was abolished throughout the British empire (including Canada) in 1833 - not until 1865 for the US slavery has not been abolished globally
Forced Migration Forced Migrant
someone who has been forced to leave his or her perceived threat to life and well-being
Migration Origins and Destinations *Global Patterns of Migration* Other Patterns
south-north migration - particularly of migrant laborers from developing countries of the south to developed countries of the north a flow of migrant laborers from some of the poorer developing countries to some of the "emerging" economies, especially inn south and southeast Asia a flow of workers into the Persian Gulf region from the non-oil-producing to the oil-producing nations a flow of refugees within Africa and western Asia
Migration Origins and Destinations *Migration into the United States* New Era of Restrictions
the US and Canada both passed restrictive legislation in step with the eugenics movement that had gained popularity throughout Europe and North America n the 1920s the ideology was the ethnic purity was best *Quota Acts* - 1921: only 3% from every country was allowed - 1924: new act; led to a popularization of racist theories that Nordics were better than everyone else - 1929: took the percentage of each nationality group in the US in 1790 and then traced "the additions to that number of subsequent immigration" once the national origins had been established, the actual number of immigrants allowed from each country each year was calculated as a proportion of 150,000 (the maximum number of all immigrants) - could override and make accommodations if needed *McCarran-Walter Act (1952)* - retained the system of national origin quotas while adding to it a system of preferences based largely on occupation - permitted up to 50% of the visas taken from each country to be taken by highly skilled persons whose services were urgently needed - family were ranked next, then everyone else Canada passed similar laws
Migration Origins and Destinations *Migration out of the United States*
the US government doesn't keep track of who leaves the country most who leave are of foreign origin, probably returning home *calculations* - projecting that the number of foreign-born emigrants will jump to 753,000 in 2060 - assuming that 45,000 native-born US citizens will leave the country each year - estimated that 2.9% of foreign-born persons are leaving the US and that the rate is more than twice as high for people who arrived within the prior ten years
Consequences of Migration *Societal Consequences* Donor Area
the area from which migrants come
Consequences of Migration *Children of Immigrants*
the children born to immigrants in the new country will have the task of growing up mainly (or only) knowing the new country, but having to deal with immigrant parents the path that receiving societies often have in mind for the children of immigrants is a straight-line process of assimilation from the country of their parents' origin into the country of their own birth
Migration Origins and Destinations *Global Patterns of Migration* Eastern Europe
the collapse of the Berlin Wall and the reunification of Germany reignited migration many East Germans had fled to the West before the Wall went up, and then German policy changed so vacationers from the East to visit the West, but then the Wall came down, east-to-west migration exploded
Measuring Migration *Migration Indices* Migration Effectiveness
the crude net migration rate divided by the total migration rate measures how "effective" the total volume of migration is in redistributing the population (CNMigR / TmigR) * 100
the Migration Transition within Countries *Migration within the United States* Migration Evolution
the current state of migration, with the population largely urban-based and people moving between and within urban places some places experience bigger migration evolutions than others
Consequences of Migration *Societal Consequences*
the demographic composition is influenced by the selective nature of migration, particularly selectivity by age the selective nature of migration, when combined with its high volume, such as in the US and Canada, helps to alter the patterns of social relationships and social organization in both the host and donor communities
Consequences of Migration *Societal Consequences* Host Area
the destination area of migrants the area into which they migrate
Migration Origins and Destinations *Migration into the United States* Increasing Immigration Policies
the immigrant processing center in NYC was moved to Ellis Island in 1892 to help screen people entering the US from foreign countries = the changing mix of ethnicity had led to public demands for greater control over who could enter the country needed to be disease-free, literate, and not a criminal immigration reached a peak in the US and Canada in the first decade of the twentieth century one of the most massive population shifts in history
Migration between Countries *Cumulative Causation* Social Capital
the network of a family, friends, and acquaintances that increase a person's chances of success in life
Measuring Migration *Stocks vs. Flows* Residential Mobility
the process of changing residence over a short or a long distance
Defining Migration Migration
the process of permanently changing residence from one geographic location to another one of the three basic demographic processes spatial by definition
Migration between Countries Step Migration
the process whereby a migrant moves in stages progressively farther away from his or her place of origin reduce the risk of their decision by inching away from home
Migration between Countries Chain Migration
the process whereby migrants are part of an established flow from a common origin to a prepared destination where others have previously migrated earlier migrants have already scoped out the situation and laid the groundwork has a built-in multiplier effect
Measuring Migration *Migration Indices* Migration Ratio
the ratio of the net number of migrants (in-migrants minus out-migrants) to the difference between the number of births and deaths--measuring the contribution that migration makes to overall population growth (IM - OM) / (b - d) we can calculate the percentage of growth attributable to migration: [(IM - OM) / [(IM - OM) + (b - d)]] * 100
What is the Migration Transition? Migration Transition
the shift of people from rural to urban places, and the shift to higher levels of international migration people move to where the resources are relatively inexpensive and quick ground, water, and air transportation has given migration a new dimension we assume that most people prefer not to move and that it is the moving that requires explanation control of mortality and fertility has historically occurred within the context of urban places and then been diffused to rural areas - farmers have been replaced by machines, pushing people to the cities where there's jobs affects demography much faster and intensely than mortality or fertility rates
Measuring Migration *Migration Indices* Total or Gross Migration Rate
the sum of in-migrants plus out-migrants divided by the total midyear population IMigR + OMigR
Measuring Migration *Migration Indices* Migration Turnover Rate
the total migration rate divided by the crude net migration rate
Measuring Migration *Migration Indices* Crude or Gross Rate of In-Migration
the total number of in-migrants divided by the total midyear population in the area of destination (IM / p) * 1000
Measuring Migration *Migration Indices* Crude or Gross Rate of Out-Migration
the total number of out-migrants divided by the total midyear population in the area of origin (OM / p) * 1000 slightly misleading because the midyear population refers to the people living in the area of destination
International Migration Stock
the total number of people born in a country other than that in which they live 31m foreign born in U.S. in 2010 214 m international migrants in the world in 2010
Consequences of Migration *Remittances*
there's a tremendous economic benefit that less developed sending countries receive when their citizens go off to work in the more developed nations many immigrant workers send part of their pay back home, thereby raising the standard of living of the family members who stayed behind, and encouraging a certain dependence on the income being earned by the migrating family members families "invest" in young people who will send back "migradollars," which can finance the purchase of homes and consumer durables in the country of origin, provide startup money for new businesses, and even provide enough resources in poor communities so important have remittances become that the World Bank monitors the flow between countries in order to better understand the impact on both sending and receiving economies account for less than 1% of the world's estimated gross domestic product, but they are extremely important for some developing countries may be one way out of poverty, but they are not received without a cost - chance that family members in the sending countries will become dependent on the remittances as a source of income, and will be vulnerable to economic changes not just in their own country, but also in the country to which their remitting relatives have moved
Consequences of Immigration
to host society to sending society to immigrants
Migration Origins and Destinations *Migration into the United States* European Push Factors
wages were low and unemployment rates were high capital markets were beginning to be somewhat disruptive in southern and eastern Europe lots of social and political instability in the east - Russian pogrom against the Jews Europeans didn't just go to the US; other parts of Europe (especially Brazil and Argentina)
Measuring Migration
we have to operationally define how far is far enough to be considered a migrant we also have to address the idea of what is meant by "permanent" migration may also involve more than a single individual
Consequences of Migration *Consequences for Migrants* Assimilation
what immigrants fo as they not only accept the outer trappings of the host culture, but also assume the behaviors and attitudes of the host culture these individual adjustments to a receiving society assume an open society and assume that immigrants are considered on an individual basis total assimilation means there is no difference between immigrants and natives, no culture or language retention *straight line assimilation theory* after three generation, there is no mother tongue retention; there is total assimilation adaptation acculturation
the Migration Transition within Countries *Who Migrates? - Selective by Age*
young adults are far more likely to migrate than people at any other age around ages 20-29