Chapter 7 Anatomy

__________ disease results from a degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra.

Parkinson's

The area in the center of the gray matter of the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid--fluid that continues down the fourth ventricle--is called the __________.

central canal

Loss of muscle coordination results from damage to the: A) hypothalamus B) cerebrum C) midbrain D) cerebellum E) thalamus

cerebellum

Which of the following is a traumatic brain injury: A) aphasia B) cerebral edema C) cerebrovascular accident (CVA) D) Parkinsonʹs disease E) Alzheimerʹs disease

cerebral edema

The brain dysfunction where blood supply to a region (or regions) of the brain is blocked and vital brain tissue dies, as by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel, is called __________.

cerebrovascular accident (CVA), commonly called a stroke

A __________ is a type of traumatic brain injury that results in marked tissue destruction.

contusion

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through all of the following except: A) corpus callosum B) lateral ventricles C) fourth ventricle D) cerebral aqueduct E) subarachnoid space

corpus callosum

The large fiber tract that allows communication between the two cerebral hemispheres is called the __________.

corpus callosum

Which of the following effects is characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system: A) increases metabolic rate B) stimulates sweat glands to produce perspiration C) decreases heart rate D) decreases urine output E) decreases activity of the digestive system

decreases heart rate

The neuron processes that normally receive incoming stimuli are called: A) Schwann cells B) dendrites C) neurolemmas D) satellite cells E) axons

dendrites

Period when the interior of the cell becomes less negative due to an influx of sodium ions

depolarization

Which one of the following statements about aging is most accurate: A) the brain reaches its maximum weight around the seventh decade of life B) synaptic connections are too fixed to permit a great deal of learning after the age of 35 C) despite some neuronal loss, an unlimited number of neural pathways are available and ready to be developed; therefore, additional learning can occur throughout life D) increased efficiency of the sympathetic nervous system enhances the ability to learn E) learning throughout the adult and aging years is supported primarily by glial proliferation

despite some neuronal loss, an unlimited number of neural pathways are available and ready to be developed; therefore, additional learning can occur throughout life

The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the __________.

diencephalon

Which one of the following represents the correct sequence from outermost to innermost layers of the meninges: A) dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater B) pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater C) arachnoid mater, dura mater, pia mater D) dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid mater E) pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

An afferent sensory neuron carries stimuli from the central nervous system to the effector.

false

Difficulty in breathing may reflect damage to respiratory centers located in the cerebellum.

false

In contrast to the parasympathetic division, the sympathetic division has numerous ganglionic neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord.

false

Most body organs are innervated by only the sympathetic division of the nervous system.

false

One of the major functions of the pons is to produce releasing factors that control the function of the anterior pituitary.

false

Saltatory conduction occurs due to the presence of salt (NaCl) around the neuron.

false

Sensory neurons carry information away from the CNS.

false

The all-or-none phenomenon as applied to nerve conduction states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for conduction to take place.

false

Bipolar neurons are commonly: A) motor neurons B) found in the eye and nose C) more abundant in adults than in children D) called neuroglia E) found in ganglia

found in the eye and nose

Lobe that contains the primary motor area that enables voluntary control of skeletal muscle movements: A) frontal lobe B) occipital lobe C) parietal lobe D) diencephalon E) temporal lobe

frontal lobe

Motor speech area

frontal lobe

Premotor area

frontal lobe

Collections of nerve cell bodies inside the CNS are called: A) nuclei B) ganglia C) nerves D) tracts E) tracts or ganglia

ganglia

The elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are known as __________ while the shallow grooves are termed __________. A) sulci; gyri B) tracts; ganglia C) ganglia; gyri D) gyri; sulci E) receptors; effectors

gyri; sulci

In contrast to the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system: A) stimulates its effector cells B) has centers in the brain and spinal cord C) has both afferent and efferent fibers D) has two motor neurons E) has two afferent neurons

has two motor neurons

Regulates body temperature, water balance, and metabolism

hypothalamus

The pituitary gland is most closely associated with the: A) hypothalamus B) medulla oblongata C) pineal gland D) midbrain E) thalamus

hypothalamus

The brain and spinal cord are protected and cushioned by three connective tissue membranes that are collectively called __________.

meninges

Visual area

occipital lobe

Motor control of the visceral organs

reticular formation

The function of the olfactory nerve concerns: A) smell B) chewing C) vision D) eye movement E) hearing

smell

An action potential is caused by an influx of these ions into the cell: A) both potassium and sodium B) potassium C) sodium D) magnesium E) calcium

sodium

A type of reflex that stimulates the skeletal muscles is called a __________ reflex.

somatic

The gray matter of the spinal cord: A) surrounds the white matter of the spinal cord B) surrounds the central canal C) contains myelinated fiber tracts D) always carries sensory information to the brain E) is made up of the dorsal, lateral, and ventral columns

surrounds the central canal

The __________ division of the ANS activates when we are frightened or stressed.

sympathetic

Preparing the body for the ʺfight-or-flightʺ response during threatening situations is the role of the: A) sympathetic nervous system B) somatic nervous system C) cerebrum D) afferent nervous system E) parasympathetic nervous system

sympathetic nervous sytem

The gap between two communicating neurons is termed: A) node of Ranvier B) synaptic cleft C) effector D) cell body E) Schwann cell

synaptic cleft

Auditory area

temporal lobe

The olfactory area is found within the: A) occipital lobe B) parietal lobe C) frontal lobe D) temporal lobe E) pyramidal tract

temporal lobe

Relay station for sensory impulses passing to the sensory cortex

thalamus

Bundles of nerve fibers (neuron processes) running through the CNS are called __________.

tracts

A polarized neuron has fewer positive ions inside in comparison to the outside of the neuron.

true

Bipolar neurons are rare in adults.

true

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are always located in ganglia lying outside the central nervous system.

true

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and also in the subarachnoid space outside the brain.

true

Myelination of nerve fibers in the central nervous system is the job of the oligodendrocyte.

true

Neurons in adults do not undergo mitosis.

true

Part of the diencephalon structure is formed by the hypothalamus.

true

Myelinated regions of the CNS are referred to as __________ matter.

white

Which one of the following is the correct sequence of events that follows a threshold potential: 1. the membrane becomes depolarized 2. sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward 3. the membrane becomes repolarized 4. potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward while sodium is actively transported out of the cell A) 2, 1, 4, 3 B) 3, 2, 4, 1 C) 2, 1, 3, 4 D) 4, 1, 3, 2 E) 1, 2, 4, 3

2, 1, 4, 3

The neural processes that convey incoming messages toward the cell body are indicated by letter __________.

A

The progressive degenerative disease that results in dementia associated with a shortage of acetylcholine and structural changes in brain areas involving cognition and memory is called __________.

Alzheimer's disease

The axon is indicated by letter __________.

B

Sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but canʹt vocalize the words. The part of her brain that deals with the ability to speak is the: A) central sulcus B) Brocaʹs area C) primary motor area D) longitudinal fissure E) gyrus

Broca's area

The axon terminals are indicated by letter __________.

C

White matters refers to myelinated fibers in the: A) SNS B) PNS C) ANS D) CNS E) both ANS and SNS

CNS

The metabolic center of the neuron is indicated by letter __________.

D

The nucleus of the neuron is indicated by letter __________.

E

The gaps between Schwann cells are indicated by letter __________.

H

Which of these cells are not a type of neuroglia found in the CNS: A) Schwann cells B) oligodendrocytes C) ependymal cells D) astrocytes E) microglia

Schwann cells

Which one of the following best describes the waxy-appearing material called myelin: A) a mass of white lipid material that surrounds the dendrites of a neuron B) an outer membrane on a neuroglial cell C) a mass of white lipid material that insulates the axon of a neuron D) a lipid-protein (lipoprotein) cell membrane on the outside of axons E) a mass of white lipid material that surrounds the cell body of a neuron

a mass of white lipid material that insulates the axon of a neuron

The substance that is released at axonal endings to propagate a nervous impulse is called: A) an ion B) an action potential C) the sodium-potassium pump D) a neurotransmitter E) nerve glue

a neurotransmitter

Termed a nerve impulse when transmitted

action potential

The subarachnoid space lies directly between the: A) arachnoid mater and cerebellum B) arachnoid mater and cerebrum C) skull and arachnoid mater D) arachnoid mater and dura mater E) arachnoid mater and pia mater

arachnoid mater and pia mater

A neuron with a cell body located in the CNS whose primary function is connecting other neurons is called a(n): A) efferent neuron B) glial cell C) afferent neuron D) satellite cell E) association neuron

association neuron

Cells found in the CNS that cling to neurons and anchor them to blood vessels are called __________.

astrocytes

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of the: A) autonomic nervous system B) voluntary nervous system C) somatic nervous system D) central nervous system E) peripheral nervous system

autonomic nervous system

The Schwann cell forms a myelin sheath around the: A) nucleus B) cell body C) axon D) nodes of Ranvier E) dendrites

axon

Neurons with two processes, an axon and a dendrite, are structurally classified as __________ neurons.

bipolar

The term central nervous system refers to the: A) spinal cord and spinal nerves B) autonomic and peripheral nervous systems C) brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves D) brain and cranial nerves E) brain and spinal cord

brain and cranial nerves

The term central nervous system refers to the: A) spinal cord and spinal nerves B) autonomic and peripheral nervous systems C) brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves D) brain and cranial nerves E) brain and spinal cord

brain and spinal cord

The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the: A) diencephalon B) brain stem C) pineal gland D) hypothalamus E) cerebellum

brain stem

Local depolarization is also known as this term

graded potential

Control of temperature, endocrine activity, metabolism, and thirst are functions associated with the: A) thalamus B) cerebellum C) hypothalamus D) medulla oblongata E) cerebrum

hypothalamus

One of the last areas of the CNS to mature is the __________, which regulates body temperature.

hypothalamus

Sympathetic nervous system stimulation causes: A) increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure B) decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure C) increased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure D) decreased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure E) decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure

increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure

The autonomic nervous system is also referred to as the __________ nervous system since it controls activities of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.

involuntary

The cerebrospinal fluid: A) enters the four ventricles after filling and circulating through the subarachnoid space B) is secreted by the arachnoid villi C) is identical in composition to whole blood D) is secreted mostly by the ependymal cells lining the brain ventricles E) is continually formed mostly by the choroid plexuses

is continually formed mostly by the choroid plexuses

An action potential: A) involves the outflux of negative ions to depolarize the membrane B) involves the influx of negative ions to depolarize the membrane C) is initiated by potassium ion movements D) involves the outflux of positive ions to depolarize the membrane E) is essential for nerve impulse propagation

is essential for nerve impulse propagation

The fissure in the brain that separates the two cerebral hemispheres is called the __________.

longitudinal fissure

Contains centers that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting

medulla oblongata

The vital centers for the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting are located in the: A) hypothalamus B) pons C) cerebrum D) midbrain E) medulla oblongata

medulla oblongata

The blood-brain barrier is effective against the passage of: A) nutrients such as glucose B) metabolic waste such as urea C) water D) anesthetics E) alcohol

metabolic waste such as urea

The three major parts of the brain stem are the: A) basal nuclei, pineal body, and choroid plexus B) dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater C) midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata D) thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus E) cerebrum, cerebellum, and diencephalon

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

The cell bodies of the __________ neurons are always located within the CNS.

motor

All motor and association neurons are classified structurally as __________ neurons.

multipolar

Impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are: A) sensory B) unmyelinated C) cerebral D) motor E) myelinated

myelinated

The effects of the sympathetic nervous system are essentially opposite of the: A) motor division B) parasympathetic nervous system C) sensory division D) central nervous system E) autonomic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system

Primary sensory cortex

parietal lobe

The hypothalamus regulates the __________ gland.

pituitary

Gland that hangs from the hypothalamus

pituitary gland

Period when the neuron is at rest; it has a more negative interior in comparison to the positive exterior

polarization

When there are fewer positive ions sitting on the inner face of the neuronʹs plasma membrane than there are on the outer face of the tissue fluid that surrounds it, the membrane is said to be __________.

polarized

Immediately after an action potential is propagated, which one of the following ions rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid: A) potassium B) calcium C) sodium D) chloride E) magnesium

potassium

The diffusion of potassium ions out of a neuron causes it to experience: A) repolarization B) an action potential C) a nerve impulse D) a graded potential E) depolarization

repolarization

The area of the brain stem that plays a role in consciousness and the awake/sleep cycles is the: A) cerebellum B) thalamus C) reticular activating system (RAS) D) pineal gland E) limbic system

reticular activating system (RAS)

Afferent nerves are called __________, and motor nerves are called __________. A) peripheral nerves; cranial nerves B) sensory nerves; efferent nerves C) cranial nerves; peripheral nerves D) motor nerves; sensory nerves E) mixed nerves; motor nerves

sensory nerves; efferent nerves

The primary motor area of the brain allows us to consciously control our __________ muscles.

skeletal

Which one of these effectors is NOT directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system: A) smooth muscle B) cardiac muscle C) most glands D) skeletal muscle E) abdominal organs

skeletal muscle

Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in: A) the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord B) the thalamus C) the hypothalamus D) the ventral root ganglia of the spinal cord E) sympathetic ganglia

the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord