Chapter 7 Anatomy
__________ disease results from a degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra.
Parkinson's
The area in the center of the gray matter of the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid--fluid that continues down the fourth ventricle--is called the __________.
central canal
Loss of muscle coordination results from damage to the: A) hypothalamus B) cerebrum C) midbrain D) cerebellum E) thalamus
cerebellum
Which of the following is a traumatic brain injury: A) aphasia B) cerebral edema C) cerebrovascular accident (CVA) D) Parkinsonʹs disease E) Alzheimerʹs disease
cerebral edema
The brain dysfunction where blood supply to a region (or regions) of the brain is blocked and vital brain tissue dies, as by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel, is called __________.
cerebrovascular accident (CVA), commonly called a stroke
A __________ is a type of traumatic brain injury that results in marked tissue destruction.
contusion
Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through all of the following except: A) corpus callosum B) lateral ventricles C) fourth ventricle D) cerebral aqueduct E) subarachnoid space
corpus callosum
The large fiber tract that allows communication between the two cerebral hemispheres is called the __________.
corpus callosum
Which of the following effects is characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system: A) increases metabolic rate B) stimulates sweat glands to produce perspiration C) decreases heart rate D) decreases urine output E) decreases activity of the digestive system
decreases heart rate
The neuron processes that normally receive incoming stimuli are called: A) Schwann cells B) dendrites C) neurolemmas D) satellite cells E) axons
dendrites
Period when the interior of the cell becomes less negative due to an influx of sodium ions
depolarization
Which one of the following statements about aging is most accurate: A) the brain reaches its maximum weight around the seventh decade of life B) synaptic connections are too fixed to permit a great deal of learning after the age of 35 C) despite some neuronal loss, an unlimited number of neural pathways are available and ready to be developed; therefore, additional learning can occur throughout life D) increased efficiency of the sympathetic nervous system enhances the ability to learn E) learning throughout the adult and aging years is supported primarily by glial proliferation
despite some neuronal loss, an unlimited number of neural pathways are available and ready to be developed; therefore, additional learning can occur throughout life
The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the __________.
diencephalon
Which one of the following represents the correct sequence from outermost to innermost layers of the meninges: A) dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater B) pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater C) arachnoid mater, dura mater, pia mater D) dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid mater E) pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
An afferent sensory neuron carries stimuli from the central nervous system to the effector.
false
Difficulty in breathing may reflect damage to respiratory centers located in the cerebellum.
false
In contrast to the parasympathetic division, the sympathetic division has numerous ganglionic neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord.
false
Most body organs are innervated by only the sympathetic division of the nervous system.
false
One of the major functions of the pons is to produce releasing factors that control the function of the anterior pituitary.
false
Saltatory conduction occurs due to the presence of salt (NaCl) around the neuron.
false
Sensory neurons carry information away from the CNS.
false
The all-or-none phenomenon as applied to nerve conduction states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for conduction to take place.
false
Bipolar neurons are commonly: A) motor neurons B) found in the eye and nose C) more abundant in adults than in children D) called neuroglia E) found in ganglia
found in the eye and nose
Lobe that contains the primary motor area that enables voluntary control of skeletal muscle movements: A) frontal lobe B) occipital lobe C) parietal lobe D) diencephalon E) temporal lobe
frontal lobe
Motor speech area
frontal lobe
Premotor area
frontal lobe
Collections of nerve cell bodies inside the CNS are called: A) nuclei B) ganglia C) nerves D) tracts E) tracts or ganglia
ganglia
The elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are known as __________ while the shallow grooves are termed __________. A) sulci; gyri B) tracts; ganglia C) ganglia; gyri D) gyri; sulci E) receptors; effectors
gyri; sulci
In contrast to the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system: A) stimulates its effector cells B) has centers in the brain and spinal cord C) has both afferent and efferent fibers D) has two motor neurons E) has two afferent neurons
has two motor neurons
Regulates body temperature, water balance, and metabolism
hypothalamus
The pituitary gland is most closely associated with the: A) hypothalamus B) medulla oblongata C) pineal gland D) midbrain E) thalamus
hypothalamus
The brain and spinal cord are protected and cushioned by three connective tissue membranes that are collectively called __________.
meninges
Visual area
occipital lobe
Motor control of the visceral organs
reticular formation
The function of the olfactory nerve concerns: A) smell B) chewing C) vision D) eye movement E) hearing
smell
An action potential is caused by an influx of these ions into the cell: A) both potassium and sodium B) potassium C) sodium D) magnesium E) calcium
sodium
A type of reflex that stimulates the skeletal muscles is called a __________ reflex.
somatic
The gray matter of the spinal cord: A) surrounds the white matter of the spinal cord B) surrounds the central canal C) contains myelinated fiber tracts D) always carries sensory information to the brain E) is made up of the dorsal, lateral, and ventral columns
surrounds the central canal
The __________ division of the ANS activates when we are frightened or stressed.
sympathetic
Preparing the body for the ʺfight-or-flightʺ response during threatening situations is the role of the: A) sympathetic nervous system B) somatic nervous system C) cerebrum D) afferent nervous system E) parasympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous sytem
The gap between two communicating neurons is termed: A) node of Ranvier B) synaptic cleft C) effector D) cell body E) Schwann cell
synaptic cleft
Auditory area
temporal lobe
The olfactory area is found within the: A) occipital lobe B) parietal lobe C) frontal lobe D) temporal lobe E) pyramidal tract
temporal lobe
Relay station for sensory impulses passing to the sensory cortex
thalamus
Bundles of nerve fibers (neuron processes) running through the CNS are called __________.
tracts
A polarized neuron has fewer positive ions inside in comparison to the outside of the neuron.
true
Bipolar neurons are rare in adults.
true
Cell bodies of sensory neurons are always located in ganglia lying outside the central nervous system.
true
Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and also in the subarachnoid space outside the brain.
true
Myelination of nerve fibers in the central nervous system is the job of the oligodendrocyte.
true
Neurons in adults do not undergo mitosis.
true
Part of the diencephalon structure is formed by the hypothalamus.
true
Myelinated regions of the CNS are referred to as __________ matter.
white
Which one of the following is the correct sequence of events that follows a threshold potential: 1. the membrane becomes depolarized 2. sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward 3. the membrane becomes repolarized 4. potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward while sodium is actively transported out of the cell A) 2, 1, 4, 3 B) 3, 2, 4, 1 C) 2, 1, 3, 4 D) 4, 1, 3, 2 E) 1, 2, 4, 3
2, 1, 4, 3
The neural processes that convey incoming messages toward the cell body are indicated by letter __________.
A
The progressive degenerative disease that results in dementia associated with a shortage of acetylcholine and structural changes in brain areas involving cognition and memory is called __________.
Alzheimer's disease
The axon is indicated by letter __________.
B
Sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but canʹt vocalize the words. The part of her brain that deals with the ability to speak is the: A) central sulcus B) Brocaʹs area C) primary motor area D) longitudinal fissure E) gyrus
Broca's area
The axon terminals are indicated by letter __________.
C
White matters refers to myelinated fibers in the: A) SNS B) PNS C) ANS D) CNS E) both ANS and SNS
CNS
The metabolic center of the neuron is indicated by letter __________.
D
The nucleus of the neuron is indicated by letter __________.
E
The gaps between Schwann cells are indicated by letter __________.
H
Which of these cells are not a type of neuroglia found in the CNS: A) Schwann cells B) oligodendrocytes C) ependymal cells D) astrocytes E) microglia
Schwann cells
Which one of the following best describes the waxy-appearing material called myelin: A) a mass of white lipid material that surrounds the dendrites of a neuron B) an outer membrane on a neuroglial cell C) a mass of white lipid material that insulates the axon of a neuron D) a lipid-protein (lipoprotein) cell membrane on the outside of axons E) a mass of white lipid material that surrounds the cell body of a neuron
a mass of white lipid material that insulates the axon of a neuron
The substance that is released at axonal endings to propagate a nervous impulse is called: A) an ion B) an action potential C) the sodium-potassium pump D) a neurotransmitter E) nerve glue
a neurotransmitter
Termed a nerve impulse when transmitted
action potential
The subarachnoid space lies directly between the: A) arachnoid mater and cerebellum B) arachnoid mater and cerebrum C) skull and arachnoid mater D) arachnoid mater and dura mater E) arachnoid mater and pia mater
arachnoid mater and pia mater
A neuron with a cell body located in the CNS whose primary function is connecting other neurons is called a(n): A) efferent neuron B) glial cell C) afferent neuron D) satellite cell E) association neuron
association neuron
Cells found in the CNS that cling to neurons and anchor them to blood vessels are called __________.
astrocytes
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of the: A) autonomic nervous system B) voluntary nervous system C) somatic nervous system D) central nervous system E) peripheral nervous system
autonomic nervous system
The Schwann cell forms a myelin sheath around the: A) nucleus B) cell body C) axon D) nodes of Ranvier E) dendrites
axon
Neurons with two processes, an axon and a dendrite, are structurally classified as __________ neurons.
bipolar
The term central nervous system refers to the: A) spinal cord and spinal nerves B) autonomic and peripheral nervous systems C) brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves D) brain and cranial nerves E) brain and spinal cord
brain and cranial nerves
The term central nervous system refers to the: A) spinal cord and spinal nerves B) autonomic and peripheral nervous systems C) brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves D) brain and cranial nerves E) brain and spinal cord
brain and spinal cord
The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the: A) diencephalon B) brain stem C) pineal gland D) hypothalamus E) cerebellum
brain stem
Local depolarization is also known as this term
graded potential
Control of temperature, endocrine activity, metabolism, and thirst are functions associated with the: A) thalamus B) cerebellum C) hypothalamus D) medulla oblongata E) cerebrum
hypothalamus
One of the last areas of the CNS to mature is the __________, which regulates body temperature.
hypothalamus
Sympathetic nervous system stimulation causes: A) increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure B) decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure C) increased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure D) decreased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure E) decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure
increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure
The autonomic nervous system is also referred to as the __________ nervous system since it controls activities of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.
involuntary
The cerebrospinal fluid: A) enters the four ventricles after filling and circulating through the subarachnoid space B) is secreted by the arachnoid villi C) is identical in composition to whole blood D) is secreted mostly by the ependymal cells lining the brain ventricles E) is continually formed mostly by the choroid plexuses
is continually formed mostly by the choroid plexuses
An action potential: A) involves the outflux of negative ions to depolarize the membrane B) involves the influx of negative ions to depolarize the membrane C) is initiated by potassium ion movements D) involves the outflux of positive ions to depolarize the membrane E) is essential for nerve impulse propagation
is essential for nerve impulse propagation
The fissure in the brain that separates the two cerebral hemispheres is called the __________.
longitudinal fissure
Contains centers that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting
medulla oblongata
The vital centers for the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting are located in the: A) hypothalamus B) pons C) cerebrum D) midbrain E) medulla oblongata
medulla oblongata
The blood-brain barrier is effective against the passage of: A) nutrients such as glucose B) metabolic waste such as urea C) water D) anesthetics E) alcohol
metabolic waste such as urea
The three major parts of the brain stem are the: A) basal nuclei, pineal body, and choroid plexus B) dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater C) midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata D) thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus E) cerebrum, cerebellum, and diencephalon
midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
The cell bodies of the __________ neurons are always located within the CNS.
motor
All motor and association neurons are classified structurally as __________ neurons.
multipolar
Impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are: A) sensory B) unmyelinated C) cerebral D) motor E) myelinated
myelinated
The effects of the sympathetic nervous system are essentially opposite of the: A) motor division B) parasympathetic nervous system C) sensory division D) central nervous system E) autonomic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
Primary sensory cortex
parietal lobe
The hypothalamus regulates the __________ gland.
pituitary
Gland that hangs from the hypothalamus
pituitary gland
Period when the neuron is at rest; it has a more negative interior in comparison to the positive exterior
polarization
When there are fewer positive ions sitting on the inner face of the neuronʹs plasma membrane than there are on the outer face of the tissue fluid that surrounds it, the membrane is said to be __________.
polarized
Immediately after an action potential is propagated, which one of the following ions rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid: A) potassium B) calcium C) sodium D) chloride E) magnesium
potassium
The diffusion of potassium ions out of a neuron causes it to experience: A) repolarization B) an action potential C) a nerve impulse D) a graded potential E) depolarization
repolarization
The area of the brain stem that plays a role in consciousness and the awake/sleep cycles is the: A) cerebellum B) thalamus C) reticular activating system (RAS) D) pineal gland E) limbic system
reticular activating system (RAS)
Afferent nerves are called __________, and motor nerves are called __________. A) peripheral nerves; cranial nerves B) sensory nerves; efferent nerves C) cranial nerves; peripheral nerves D) motor nerves; sensory nerves E) mixed nerves; motor nerves
sensory nerves; efferent nerves
The primary motor area of the brain allows us to consciously control our __________ muscles.
skeletal
Which one of these effectors is NOT directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system: A) smooth muscle B) cardiac muscle C) most glands D) skeletal muscle E) abdominal organs
skeletal muscle
Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in: A) the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord B) the thalamus C) the hypothalamus D) the ventral root ganglia of the spinal cord E) sympathetic ganglia
the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
