Chapter 7: Drug misuse, abuse, & addiction

How are Inhalants used?

*inhaled through nose or mouth*

What are the methods of use in using Narcotics?

*injected, smoked, snorted, smoked*

How are Central Nervous System Stimulants used?

*injected, swallowed, smoked, snorted*

How is Marijuana used?

*smoked & swallowed*

How are Central Nervous System Depressants used?

*swallowed & injected*

How are Hallucinogens used?

*swallowed, absorbed, smoked, injected*

Why do people use drugs?

- Excitement - Illegal - Curious - Want to escape reality - Rebellious - Vulnerable to peer pressure - Seeking a spiritual experience - Experimenting - To cope with difficulties

What are ways to prevent the misuse of drugs?

-Anti-drug education programs -Direct Approaches: Information about the adverse effects & Peer pressure resistance -Indirect approaches: Increasing self-esteem, recreational opportunities, & improving academic skills

How does drug use now effect society in the future?

-Economic cost of illicit drug abuse in the U.S.: $193 billion annually -Determine the relationship between drugs and crime -Health care issue -Toll on the individual and on families - Further testing and research - Legalization or decriminalization

Who is most likely to misuse drugs?

-Males -Troubled adolescents -Thrill-seekers -In a dysfunctional family -In a peer group that accepts drug use -Poor or economic low class -A girl dating an older boy

What are the different options of Drug Treatment?

-Medication-assisted treatment -Treatment or Rehabilitation centers -Groups and peer counseling (Alcoholics Anonymous) -Minimize the effects of drug use and misuse (methadone and clean needle exchange) -Codependency (enabling behaviors)

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

-Substance Abuse Disorder (mild to severe) -Dependence (can be physical and mental)

What are characteristics of people who are least likely to use drugs?

-Those that perceive drug use as risky and disapprove of it -Have positive self-esteem -Self-control -Social competence -Optimism -Academic achievement -Regular church attendance -Strong family

What are characteristics of people with an addiction?

-Use substance or activity as a substitution for healthier coping strategies -Genetically predisposed -Prefer a particular addictive behavior -Unable to self-regulate and control impulses

What are examples of Central Nervous System Depressants?

1. Barbiturates (Barbs, reds, red birds, yellows, yellow jackets) 2. Benzodiazepines or "Benzos"- Valium, Xanax, Rohypnol, Klonopin (candy, downers, tranks, roofies, forget-me pill) 3. Methaqualone (Ludes, quad, quay) 4. Gamma Hydroxybutyrate or "GHB" (G, Georgia home boy)

What are examples of Central Nervous System Stimulants

1. Cocaine or crack cocaine (Blow, C, candy, coke, rock, toot) 2. Ritalin (JIF, MPH, R-ball, skippy) 3. Amphetamine & methamphetamine (Bennies, speed, black, chalk, crank, crystal, ice, meth)

What are examples of addictive Behaviors?

1. Gambling 2. Exercising 3. Working 4. Sex (Love) 5. Buying things or shopping 6. Going on the Internet

What are other risks of drug misuse?

1. Intoxication 2. Unexpected side effects 3. Unknown drug constituents 4. Risks associated with injection use (HIV and HCV) 5. Legal consequences

What are examples of Hallucinogens?

1. LSD (acid, boomers, blotter, yellow, sunshines) 2. Ketamine (K, special K, cat valium, Vitamin K) 3. PCP (Angel dust, hog, love boat, peace pill) 4. MDMA (X, peace, ecstasy, molly, clarity, Adam) 5. Psilocybin (shrooms, magic mushrooms) 6. Mescaline (peyote, buttons, cactus, mesc)

What are the most widely used illegal drugs among college students

1. Marijuana 2. Hallucinogens 3. Cocaine *alcohol is the most popular drug among college students*

What are examples of Narcotics

1. Opium (Big O, black stuff) 2. Morphine (M, Miss Emma, monkey, white stuff) 3. Heroin (Dope, H, junk, brown sugar, smack) 4. Codeine, Hydrocodone, Oxycodone (Oxy, O.C., killer, Captain cody, school boy, vike)

What factors effect the development of addiction?

1. Personality 2. Lifestyle 3. Heredity 4. Social and physical environment 5. Nature of the substance or behavior

What are Risk Factors for Substance Misuse and Addiction?

1. Physical -brain chemistry & metabolism 2. Psychological -mental disorders 3. Social -family, friends, poverty

What are the 3 major steps of developing an addiction?

1. Reinforcement 2. Tolerance 3. Withdrawal

What is tolerance?

1. a need for markedly increased amounts of substance to achieve intoxication 2. desired effect markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of substance

What psychoactive drugs have the most potential for abuse or addiction?

1. amphetamine, cocaine, nicotine, heroin, & other opiates 2. Caffeine & PCP 3. Alcohol, Marijuana, & benzodiazepines 4. Psychedelics 5. Antidepressant, antimanic, antipsychotic medications

11 criteria for DSM-5

1. larger amounts or longer periods of time 2. unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control using. 3. spend most of the time obtaining, using, and recovering from the drug 4. Craving, or a strong desire to use 5. Recurrent substance use resulting in failure to fulfill obligations 6. Continued substance use despite recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused 7. Important social, occupational or recreational activities are given up 8. physically hazardous 9. Continued use despite knowledge of having a recurrent physical or psychological problem that is caused or exacerbated by the substance. 10. Tolerance 11. Withdrawal symptoms

What is withdrawal?

1. the characteristic substance withdrawal syndrome 2. the same (or a closely related) substance are taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms

How do drugs affect the body?

1.Physical -body mass -general health and genetics -mixing drugs 2. Mental -changes brain chemistry by effecting the neurotransmitters (ex: cocaine blocks dopamine) 3. Psychological -expectations (placebo effect) 4. Social -setting or environment

How do you determine the severity of a substance abuse disorder according to DSM-5?

2-3 criteria—mild disorder 4-5 criteria—moderate disorder 6 or more criteria—severe disorder (more criteria met= more severe)

What percentage of street drugs actually contain the primary ingredient?

50%

How can intoxications be defined?

A state in which sometimes unpredictable physical and emotional changes occur

What is addiction?

Addiction is a chronic disease that disrupts the brain systems that regulate motivation. Can be psychological (behavioral characteristics) and/or physiological (changes in brain chemistry)

What are Synthetic Recreational Drugs?

Also known as "Designer drugs", they chemically distinct so they are legal or unable to detect on a drug test 2 types: 1. Synthetic marijuana or "spice" 2. Bath salts -Produces severe effects (violent behavior)

What are psychoactive drugs?

Drugs that alter a person's experiences or consciousness

What are Hallucinogens?

Drugs that alter your state of perception, feel nauseous, increased blood pressure, numbness, weakness -Synesthesia ( a stimulus evokes not only the sensation appropriate to it but also another sensation of a different character, ex: when a color evokes a specific smell) -Flashbacks (drug can hit you randomly months after taking it)

What are Inhalants?

Drugs that are inhaled and slow down functions of the body -high use among youth -legal and easy to obtain -risk of suffocation

What are Central Nervous System Depressants?

Drugs that slow down the activity of the nervous or muscular system -used to treat: insomnia, anxiety disorders, and control seizures -effects:reduce anxiety, change in mood, impaired muscular coordination, slurring of speech, drowsiness, sleep, impaired mental functioning types: barbituates, sedatives, & tranquilizers Overdose: slowing and stopping of respiration

What are Central Nervous System Stimulants?

Drugs that speed up the activity of the nervous or muscular system -Produces feelings of euphoria that are intense but short-lived -effects: Sudden death from excessive CNS stimulation, persistent nose bleeds, paranoia and aggression, & serious effects on developing fetus

Addictions are...

Habits that have gotten out of control, with a resulting negative effect on a person's health

Which is the most widely used illegal drug?

Marijuana

Marijuana and Cannabis Products

Marijuana is the most widely used illegal drug in the United States -Short-term effects and uses are influenced by the dose -Long-term effects: Respiratory damage; learning, attention, memory problems; etc.

What is the most addictive amphetamine?

Methamphetamine (crystal, ice, glass, meth, crank)

Do addictions ALWAYS involve drugs that cause physical withdrawal symptoms after stopping use?

NO. 1. Addiction does not always involve a drug 2. Withdrawal does not always involve physical symptoms

What are narcotics?

Narcotics are Opioids -short term effects: relief of anxiety & pain, euphoria, drowsiness, confusion, inability to concentrate, nausea, respitory depression

What are opioids?

Natural or synthetic drugs that relieve pain, induce euphoria, & cause drowsiness -Tolerance developed quickly -Withdrawal symptoms: sweating, nausea, tremors, irritability, and feelings of panic

Development of Addiction

Often starts as a way to bring pleasure or avoid pain

Why do users often become addicted to amphetamines?

Often users misuse as an attempt to cope with a temporary situation and become dependent and tolerance increases which leads to increased doses and psychosis

What are Amphetamines?

Potent, synthetic CNS stimulants -Small doses make people feel more alert -Severe risks to fetus

What drug is misused the most after Alcohol and Marijuana?

Prescription Drugs (Adderall, Oxycodone, Xanax)

What are club drugs?

Rohypnol & GHB ("roofies" or "date rape drug")

What are examples of Inhalants?

Solvents, aerosols, nitrates, anesthetics (laughing gas, poppers, snapped, whippets)

What is the active ingredient in Marijuana?

THC

What is Prescription Drug Misuse?

The use of medication without a prescription or in a way other than as prescribed for elicited feelings -increased to a rate behind marijuana and alcohol -ex: ADDERALL

Can psychoactive drugs cause intoxications?

YES

Can Caffeine produce physical dependence?

Yes, Regular users of caffeine develop physical tolerance, needing more caffeine to produce the same level of alertness

What are examples of Marijuana?

sativa, indica, and hybrid flower, edibles, drinks, wax, hash, keef