Chapter 7 Form in Architecture
chiswick house, london
-aristocratic family home -made for lord burlington -neo-palladian design: greek temple front with a roman dome supported by a octagonal drum (circular multi-sided base) -surrounding gardens designed by william kent, resembling a refreshing stroll
neo-sumerian ziggarat
-bent axis: squared rails leading upward to top tier -longitudinal axis: central staircase in center
forbidden city, beijing, china
-bird's eye view -universal/longitudinal plan
crystal palace, london and grand palais des champs-elysees, paris
-cast iron and glass -beaux-arts architecture: fine arts in french
charlemagne aachen chapel
-central plan -mausoleum:tomb building -martyrium: site marking the death of a martyr someone who died for their faith
doge's palace venice, italy
-constructed for the ruler(christian) -late gothic: pointed arches -ogee arches -quatrefoils: sign of french royalty -piazza: courtyard where meetings are held
Pantheon, Rome
-first structure the congregation was allowed to enter -christian church made out of concrete and pebble stones -hadrian, high empire -coffers: sunken panels -oculus: the eye, circular opening
galerie des glaces, versailles
-hall of mirrors -clear glass -vanitian glass (mirrors) -golden baroque art
ostian insula
-insula: latin for "island" -accommodation of multi-family living -lower floors: wealthier people -upper floors: decreased in cost and desirability
palace of versailles, france
-louis XIV -chateau: big castle -classical: greek and roman elements on its exterior -baroque: interior, golden details, guilding -parterres: artificial gardens carefully planted
"palace" complex at Knossos, Crete, Greece
-residence for rulers of the minoan civilization -minoans did not have to protect themselves from enemies, because it is an island civilization
palace complex of sargon II, Iraq
-ziggurat -lamassu: motif at entrance, protective symbol -arch/arcade: post-and-lintel structure -defensive walls and sargon II strictly controlled access to royal precincts -intimidates visitors by depicting victorious battles
tympanum
Half-round panel that fills the space between the lintle and arch over the doorway of the church -Jesus, Matthew, Mark, Luke, John
jambs
The upright supports on each side of the doorway. -kings, saints and prophets in high relief beside them
the breakers in newport
a lavish resort area owned by the vanderbilt family -designed by richard morris hunt -lavish marble and wood from around the world, rich furniture and valuable artwork -grand statement of wealth and power
barrel vaults
a series of circular arches that form a ceiling or roof
mandapa
audience hall
old st. peter's basilica
based on the roman basilica type -center of the christian world for centuries
church of hagia sophia (holy wisdom), istanbul, turkey
basilican-longitudinal plan central-vertical access
mastaba, (stepped) pyramid
bent shaped pyramid
basilica ulpia, forum of trajan
center for law courts, business and public gatherings -basilica: includes a long and broad open center space flanked by aisles that fluidly expanded the area forum: open squares used in roman times apse: domed/arched roofs
mosque
centers of islamic worship
Petronas Twin Towers, Malaysia
cesar pelli -shape of each tower is a muslim symbol, eight pointed star -symbolize the architecture of modern business
palace of aachen
charlemagne's main palace -healing waters -roman society -throne positioned on the gallery level: upper level overlooking the floor below -"window of appearance":here he addressed his Christian subjects
oculus
circular opening
rose window
circular stained glass window dedicated to the virgin mary usually above main portals -multicolored light flooded the dark spaces
necropolis
city of the dead
fatehpur sikri, india
city of victory -mughal: muslim -akbar: emperor/military leader -chhatri: domed pavilion -jaali: lettuce windows -water channels: islamic idea of paradise
peristyle
collonade exposed to open air
hypostyle
collonade not exposed to open air
eiffel tower, paris
community and commerce -puddling iron
the "great bath" at harappa and the japanese bath house
community and commerce -social occasion
atrium
courtyard with a peristyle, a row of columns within a building often supporting a porch, left open to the sky with a pool in the center to catch rainwater
colonnade
covered rows of columns, on the exteriors, allowing free circulation of light and air -used at the "palace" of Knossos
diocletian's palace
croatia -defensive watchtowers and fortified gateways -diocletian was a aggressive persecutor of christians and was militaristic
arches
curved or pointed structure spanning an opening and supporting the weight above
parthenon, greece
dedicated to athena -imperial era -stylobate: gives appearance of being straight and flat
himeji castle, japan
defensive castle -post-and-lintel design -bays -folding screen(byobu): located on the interior of the castle, chinese and japanese aesthetics, gold foiling
thorncrown chapel
e. fay jones -nondemonational chapel set into nature that let diffuse light; simple, local materials -seems like home in a forest
Potala Palace, Tibet
established by the fifth dalai lama -buddhist monastery: temple/living quarters for buddhist monks studying with dalai lama -named after mount potalaka: the mythical abode of the bodhissattva of compassion -post-and-lintel -organic relationship to the mountain
qibla
fixed wall aligned to face mecca
Basilica Ulpia, Forum of Trajan
forum: open squares used in roman times apse: domed/arched roofs
impermanent materials
found in nature---sticks, bones, animal pelts---and fashioned to create a covered space apparently as a protection from the elements
walt disney concert hall
frank gehry -titanium sheathing for multiform, swooping curvilinear forms and volumes
kaufmann house of falling water
frank lloyd wright -prairie style:friendly, naturalistic elements -minimalistic, residential style -kaufmann family held picnics in the living room -cantilevered terrace: self-supporting rigid structures projected from the wall
polytheistic
great number of diverse dieties
trojan's market
groin vaults: additional sideways vaults, high and open on all 4 sides
christian basilica
has an entrance on one end is divided into a center nave and side aisles along its length and holds a semi-circular apse containing the alter at the opposite end -heavy wood or masonry from the gothic era with filtered light
monticello, virginia
home to thomas jefferson -balustrade: a railing supported by upright supports to the roofline -paladian design
sanctuary
innermost holiest space
ribbed vault
intersection of two barrel vaults with stone ribs sometimes added to support the weight of the vaults
sultan ahmed mosque
istanbul, turkey -6 minarets instead of the common 4
hall of supreme harmony
largest building in the forbidden city -bay: space formed between two adjacent columns -braketing: under the eves of the roof, wooden ridges curving up acting as support
residential needs
living quarters used to keep people away from bad weather or other bad elements
flying buttress
load bearing component located outside the building connected to the upper portion of the wall in the form of an arch
carson, pirie, scott and company building
louis sullivan -steel frame/"skeleton frame" -this type of construction made skyscrapers possible -innovative and combined beaux arts with art nouveau -cast metal relief panels
ziggurat of Ur, iraq
mesopotamian -deities resided in the heavens -made with mud brick, not durable -many areas for different purposes -thermae: public baths
rammed earth
moist dirt and sand or grave compressed into a temporary frame
basilica
most basic architectural form for christian congregational churches -"latin cross"plan -structure of longitudinal plan adapted from the roman public form -entrance on one long side that led to the large open interior space
pagoda
multi-tiered hindu or buddhist sacred building
totems
objects or animals that hold significance for a group of people -mungo martin house: deep front porch and open hall for group events
agora
open market
forum
open public space at the center of each city
austrian postal savings bank
otto wagner -sleek and modern -strength and solidity that engendered trust and a feeling of financial security in customers
theaters
outdoor structures for dramatic performances -greek theater: auditorium, orchestra and stage
abbey church of st. denis
outside of paris -earliest gothic church -pointed arch, ribbed vault, flying buttresses, and stained glass windows
gothic type
pointed arches and glass windows that filter mystical light into the interior
ogee arches
pointed arches with additional curve
temple of horus at edfu
pylon type, two upright structures that form its monumental facade and flank the main ceremonial portal -sphinxes led to main door
coffers
recessed squares
cella
room
amphitheaters
round or oval buildings with a central space for events -roman amphitheater -cavea: small enclosures/seating areas -concrete -barrel vaults: tunnel vaults
acropolis
sacred city high on a hill
garba griha
sanctuary or inner, sacred room of a Hindu temple
national mall in d.c
serves as a community center -presidential inauguration celebration or other large public gathering
niche
shadow recess in the wall
lararium
space of worship
domes
spherical-shaped ceiling or roof
corbeling
stacked stone
wattle-and-daub
sticks/twigs covered in mud
lomas rishi cave
stone imitated prior work in impermanent materials -lattice, beams and bentwood construction
hypostyle hall
structure with multiple rows of columns that support a flat roof
sanchi in madya pradesh
stupa in india -designed for devotees to enter the fenced area and circumambulate yasti: mast rising from the center of the dome axis mundi: axis of the world, separating the earth from the sky above
minaret
the most common distinctive feature of a mosque, the slender tower in which the call to prayer is issued
gilded age
time of rapid technological, commercial and economic expansion, wealthy industrialists built enormous mansions in cities, seaside or mountain retreats
pyramids
tombs composed of millions of large stones, placed heavy stones over gravesites to protect the occupants
scene from lararium house of the vettii pompeii
two lares, household gods, flank an ancestor figure -snake=fertility and prosperity
post-and-lintel
two upright beams support a horizontal one to create a rectangular opening -most of these types of buildings were multi-purpose
stoa of attalos, athens
two-story covered walkway composed of marble and limestone with columns on one side and a closed wall on the other -rooms were for shopping
Catalhoyuk village
used wattle-and-daub, rammed earth and clay bricks as construction techniques -had common features to meet everyday needs
scottish village of skara brae
walls made of stacked stone while other parts were made using the post-and-lintel method. due to the harsh northern climate they were built partially underground to be protected from the elements
baha'i house of worship
white=purity -symbolizes a lotus flower=eternity and rebirth -baha'i: many religions combined
chrysler building in NYC
william van alen -art deco style -burst pattern made of stainless steel: celebrates american industrialism and the automobile
opus francigenum
work of the franks -this term was used to describe "gothic" architechture -"gothic" used to be used as an insult
brihadeshwara temple
worship place for shiva