Chapter 7- LTM: Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation

Which statement below is MOST closely associated with levels of processing theory?

Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

Which type of studying technique creates a structure on which to add meaning to new information by relating to the information you have already known?

Elaborate

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

In the experiment conducted by Viskontas and coworkers using picture pairs, a participant's later experience of familiarity with a particular pair was coded as

"know"

Aki has been taking notes for his physics class, but his roommate has been telling him that this is not the best choice if he wants to do well in the class. Which of the following should Aki's roommate use to explain why computer note-taking is a poor choice?

Aki's roommate should tell him that computer note-taking results in shallower processing of the material.

Which example below BEST demonstrates state-dependent learning?

Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.

Which of the following is BEST at establishing long-term memories?

Elaborative rehearsal

When studying which of the following supports the use of self-testing with questions you created as an effective studying technique?

Generation and self-testing indicates what you know and increases your ability to remember this information later.

Research conducted by which of the following supports the idea that situations that involve survival enhance a person's memory?

James Nairne

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

While studying, what is one of the advantages of organizing the material into chunks?

Organizing the information into chunks makes the material more meaningful and strengthens encoding.

Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory?

Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

For his psychology project, Cyrus wants to conduct a study on sleep and memory similar to Wilhelm's using a card memory task. Cyrus has his participants play the children's card game "Memory." After playing the game, one group was allowed to sleep and the other group was tested on a different task. Based on the results from Wilhelm's research, what was MOST likely the results of Cyrus's project?

The group that went to sleep did better the next time they played the game.

The research conducted by Bransford and Johnson found that which of the following examples impacted the ability of participants to remember the information in the passages they read?

When participants were given passages that were random and unorganized.

The research conducted by Bower and Winzenz using paired-associate learning found that what increased the word pairs remembered?

When the participants created mental pictures for the word pairs, it increased the number of word pairs remembered.

A person's enhanced performance due to retrieval practice is known as the

testing effect

Your roommate has been studying by rereading their notes from class but cannot understand why their test grades are not improving. Based on what you know about effective studying, you suggest that your roommate use

add elaboration to the information from their notes.

Sklyer is participating in a research study testing the recall of previously presented words. One group is asked to recall the words that they were previously presented with. The other participants are presented with retrieval cues to aid in the recall of the previously presented words. This type of research is using

cued recall

Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of

elaborative rehearsal

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is

encoding

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of

encoding specificity

The principle that memory is best when a person is in the same state for encoding and retrieval is related to

encoding specificity

The rereading of your notes or textbook creates an illusion of learning due to the

familiarity effect

River and Max are studying for their chemistry test and are quizzing each other with questions that they have created. River and Max are using which of the following techniques for studying?

generate and test

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the

generation effect

In your study skills class, you learned that you are more likely to remember information if you create your own mnemonic or cue to help you remember the information instead of using the one that your classmate wrote. Which of the following supports this?

generation effect

Research shows that which of the following does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material?

highlighting

Within the context of studying, which of the following would be related to an illusion?

highlighting

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?

katie should perform better because of the spacing effect

The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following?

location

Which type of rehearsal results in little or no encoding of the information?

maintenance rehearsal

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid-air was used to illustrate the role of

organization in memory

Dr. Kochanek is researching memory and using a procedure where participants are presented with a list of word pairs. Later, the participants are only given the first word of each pair and are asked to remember the word that it is paired with. What type of research is Dr. Kochanek conducting?

paired-associate learning

A word that helps a person remember information that is stored in long-term memory is known as a

retrieval cue

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of

retrieval cues in long term memory

Your best friend who you would describe as happy, talkative, friendly, and outgoing took a memory task test in class today. Task presented a list of words that included lazy, talkative, hostile, shy, friendly, aggressive, and happy. Your best friend easily remembered happy, talkative, and friendly from the list. Which of the following explains why your best friend easily remembers these words?

self-reference effect

The levels of processing theory refers to which type of processing as involving little attention to the meaning of the information that is being processed?

shallow processing

When attention is focused on the font that a word is written in or if there are capital letters in the word, Craik and Lockhart referred to this type of processing as

shallow processing

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are

short and across several days

Rosco is planning to spend his evening studying for his American History exam. You explain to Rosco that he should instead study for a number of short study sessions with breaks instead of one long study session. Your suggestions are supported by the

spacing effect

When studying, there is an advantage to your performance that is caused by studying in short sessions separated by breaks. This is known as the

spacing effect

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding

specificity

James Nairne would say that effective encoding of memory is based on which of the following?

survival

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized

Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol?

testing

Which of the following BEST explains how memory for a word is improved by relating the word to the self?

the self-reference effect

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task

Based on what you have learned about the memory and consolidation processes, what would you be MOST likely recommend to your friend if they want to get a good grade on their next test?

they should get a good night's sleep after studying for the test

When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called

transfer-appropriate processing

The retrieval of memory is a process that uses both long-term memory and

working memory